Table 1 PEMFC technologies
From: Hydrogen as the nexus of future sustainable transport and energy systems
Design of cell components | Catalyst material | Operating temperature (°C) | Power density (W cm−2) | Specific power (W kg−1) | Durability (h) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thin-film PEM | Platinum and platinum-alloy catalysts; efforts to reduce usage through thin-film techniques | 60–100 | 0.6–2.0 | 1,200–3,000 | 3,000–10,000 | |
Nanocage catalyst | Nanocages made of platinum, palladium or other metals; often alloyed or supported | 80–120 | 0.1–1.0 | 500–1,500 | 5,000–20,000 | |
Nanowire catalyst | Nanowires made of silicon, gold, silver, platinum, copper or other metal; often used in alloyed or doped forms | 25–100a | 0.05–0.5b | 300–1,200 | 1,000–10,000 | |
Mesoporous support | Mesoporous silica, titanium dioxide, carbon or metal–organic frameworks | 25–200 | 0.1–0.8 | 400–1,500 | 2,000–15,000 | |
High-density PEM | Platinum and platinum-alloy catalysts on carbon supports | 60–80c | 0.5–1.5 | 1,000–3,000 | 5,000–10,000 | |
NPMC | Iron–nitrogen–carbon, cobalt–nitrogen–carbon, and other transition metal–nitrogen–carbon complexes | 60–100d | 0.1–0.8 | 500–1,500 | 1,000–5,000 |
