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The combination of JWST and ALMA data here unravel the history of the gas content of a quiescent galaxy, which became quenched through an act of self-sabotage. Black-hole accretion feedback heated the galaxy’s surrounding material, preventing its accretion.

The highest-quality JWST spectra reveal that little red dots are young supermassive black holes shrouded in dense cocoons of ionized gas, where electron scattering, not Doppler motions, broadens their spectral lines.

Detection of hot intracluster gas in SPT2349−56 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array provides new insights into early cluster formation.

The discovery of a vast reservoir of primordial neutral hydrogen gas surrounding a young galaxy cluster just one billion years after the Big Bang offers new insight into how the first large cosmic structures assembled.

The authors report multiwavelength observations of SDSS J0749 + 2255, hosted by massive compact disk-dominated galaxies, as a kpc-scale, dual-quasar system hosted by a galaxy merger at cosmic noon.

Little Red Dots (LRDs) are a high-redshift galaxy population with unclear nature. Here, authors show CANUCS-LRD-z8.6, a spectroscopically confirmed LRD, hosting an active galactic nucleus, and its properties provide insights for early black hole and galaxy formation.

JWST has found an unexpectedly high density of AGNs at early times, raising the possibility that AGNs may have provided sufficient numbers of ionizing photons for cosmic reionization. New results definitively rule out AGNs as the dominant source of reionization.

Observed 730 Myr after the Big Bang, a little red dot is found to anchor an overdensity of eight galaxies and seems to be embedded in a massive host dark matter halo.

Dense gas clumps from the time of the formation of the first stars in the Universe should affect the average intensity of radio waves on the sky. Numerical simulations show that this offers a new way to probe the nature of dark matter.

Synergies between JWST and ALMA are providing a multiwavelength view of galaxies, active galactic nuclei and the interstellar medium at high redshifts. This Review provides an overview of results so far and identifies areas for future development.

JWST data reveal a multi-galaxy merger 800 Myr after the Big Bang, likely a progenitor of massive quiescent galaxies seen at later times. Its extended [O iii] halo offers direct evidence of early metal enrichment via tidal stripping.

Two high-redshift post-starburst galaxies are in the process of quenching, although their quasars remain active, indicating the complex co-evolution between black hole activity and star formation.

A strongly lensed galaxy at redshift z ≈ 6 is resolved into at least 15 star-forming clumps embedded in a rotating disk. Clump formation in this system, which is not predicted by cosmological zoom-in simulations, may be driven by disk instabilities with weak feedback, rather than past mergers.

Supervised machine learning predicts 1.57 million quasar redshifts from Gaia Data Release 3 photometry and astrometry, providing a new observational test of the cosmological principle.

Gas distribution and motion patterns driven by a galactic bar of the J0107a dusty star-forming galaxy have analogues in local bars, indicating that similar processes of active star formation were already operating 11.1 billion years ago.

Spatially resolved JWST spectroscopy of a massive, quiescent galaxy at a redshift of ~4 reveals that it formed its stars and quenched rapidly, despite being surrounded by an abundant gas reservoir and gravitationally bound to a star-bursting companion.

Next-generation radio telescopes, such as the Square Kilometre Array, will be able to reveal the mass distribution of the first stars in the Universe by detecting their impact on a faint radio signal of hydrogen atoms from Cosmic Dawn.

ALMA observations have established the presence of warm, X-ray-heated gas near a supermassive black hole at redshift z = 6, demonstrating that highly excited CO lines are a powerful method for exploring heavily dust-obscured quasars in the early Universe.

The authors report the photometric detection of the distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 at z > 14 with JWST/MIRI. The inferred properties suggest rapid mass assembly and metal enrichment during the earliest phases of galaxy formation.

State-of-the-art computer simulations show that the first water in the Universe formed in primordial supernova remnants 100 Myr after the Big Bang, enriching future sites of planet formation to levels that were nearly those in the Solar System today.

Measurements of the redshifted 21 cm line of neutral hydrogen could be a powerful tool for precision cosmology, constraining fundamental parameters and probing the cosmological dark ages. However, practical challenges must first be addressed.

Submillimetre-wavelength observations reveal a sample of galaxies that have no detectable emission in the ultraviolet-to-near-infrared region, and are probably the progenitors of the largest present-day galaxies in clusters.

Using JWST, more than 40 individual stars have been detected in a distant galaxy, dating back to when the Universe was only half of its current age. The stars appear to be red (super)giants that are magnified by factors of hundreds.

JWST observations of a strongly lensed low-mass galaxy in a 600-million-year-old Universe show massive star clusters (the Firefly Sparkle) cocooned in a diffuse arc in the Canadian Unbiased Cluster Survey.

The discovery of a distant blazar J0410−0139 at z = 7 suggests that many similar sources existed in the early Universe, supporting the hypothesis that the rapid growth of black holes is driven by jet-enhanced or obscured accretion.

The detection of Hα reported in galaxy candidate GHZ2/GLASS-z12 provides a direct probe of star formation activity and can be used to trace massive stars with ages of ~10 Myr or younger.

A study of 36 massive galaxies at redshifts between 5 and 9 from the JWST FRESCO survey finds that galaxy formation of the most massive galaxies is 2–3 times higher than the most efficient galaxies at later epochs.

This study presents the evolution of the dust attenuation curve in galaxies over cosmic time, suggesting that dust attenuation at early times is dominated by large grains from supernovae. The study also reports an ultraviolet bump in a source at redshift z ≈ 7.5.

Spectroscopy from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey of a galaxy at redshift 13 shows a singular, bright emission line identified as Lyman-α, suggesting the onset of reionization only 330 Myr after the Big Bang.

When, where and how galaxies form disks is an unsolved puzzle for astronomers. Wang et al. discovered a surprisingly large disk in a cosmic web node from the early Universe and studied the roles of the special cosmic environment in its formation.

We present James Webb Space Telescope observations that detect the 3.3 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon feature in a galaxy observed less than 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang.

An extreme Einstein ring ~10,000 times as bright as the Milky Way in the infrared is studied with VLT/ERIS and ALMA, and the authors find that the lensed galaxy is a starburst with a fast-rotating disk, rather than being driven by a major merger.

JWST observations of the Cosmic Gems arc resolve the light of an infant galaxy into five gravitationally bound star clusters located in a region smaller than 70 pc.

Deep ALMA archival observations of submillimetre-bright galaxies at high redshifts show that spheroidal bulges formed much earlier than expected and are directly generated by star formation within the cores of highly luminous starburst galaxies.

A dormant supermassive black hole at high redshift that is substantially overmassive relative to its host galaxy has been detected, indicating a much larger population of dormant black holes around the epoch of reionization.

JWST observations of a massive galaxy at a redshift of 2.45 show a powerful outflow of neutral gas, with a mass outflow rate that is sufficient to shut down star formation.

JWST detections of Si, C and Fe absorption lines in a bright z = 9.31 galaxy with a two-component clump structure suggest that mergers contributed to the rapid build-up of mass and chemical enrichment soon after the Big Bang.

Analysis of the JWST/NIRSpec spectrum of the recently observed Lyman-break galaxy JADES-GS+53.15508-27.80178 revealed a redshift of z = 7.3, a Balmer break and a complete absence of nebular emission lines, indicating that quenching occurred only 700 million years after the Big Bang.

A black hole at the centre of a quasar at a redshift of z = 4 is accreting the mass of the Sun every day. The quasar’s extreme luminosity is equivalent to 50,000 times that of the Milky Way. Its broad-line region should be resolvable observationally and will provide an important test for broad-line region size–luminosity relationships.

An analysis of eight ultra-faint galaxies during the epoch of reionization with absolute magnitudes between −17 mag and −15  mag shows that most of the photons that reionized the Universe come from dwarf galaxies.

RUBIES-EGS-QG-1 is an exceptionally massive and mature galaxy discovered just 1.2 billion years after the Big Bang. Its stars formed in an extremely rapid burst, posing a major challenge to all current theoretical models.

Evidence is found for a distant galaxy growing inside-out within the first 700 million years of the Universe. The galaxy has a dense central core comparable in mass density to local massive ellipticals, and an extended star-forming disc.

The transition from a metastable state to the ground state in classical many-body systems is mediated by bubble nucleation. This transition has now been experimentally observed in a quantum setting using coupled atomic superfluids.

An ultra-deep MUSE image of the mean Mg II emission for a sample of galaxies at redshift z ≈ 1 suggests the presence of bipolar outflows on scales of 10 kpc or more.

Galaxies that formed during the first few hundred million years after the Big Bang have physical properties that deviate from later galaxies, due to substantial gas infall from the intergalactic medium that dilutes the observed chemical enrichment.

We report observations of ceers-2112 that show that this galaxy, at a redshift of 3, unexpectedly has a barred spiral structure.

A lensed quasar at redshift z ≈ 10.3, seen in X-rays, hosts a supermassive black hole of mass similar to that of its host galaxy. The large black-hole mass at a young age, as well as the amount of X-rays it produces, suggest that the black hole formed from the collapse of a huge cloud of gas.

Using the GRAVITY+ instrument, dynamical measurement of the black hole mass in a quasar at a redshift of 2.3 (11 billion years ago) shows how the relationship between galaxies and black holes evolves with time.

A massive galaxy hosting an accreting supermassive black hole two billion years after the Big Bang shows fast neutral-gas outflows that are capable of stopping star formation by removing its fuel while the stars keep rotating in a disk.