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Evidence from animal models suggest a vital role for mucosal vaccination in inducing protection from coronavirus infection. Here the authors examine the B and T cell responses at the lower airways, and contrast humoral and cellular immunity of people after infection and vaccination.

The NIMBLE biomarker qualification project evaluated the diagnostic performance of five blood-based biomarkers in a cohort of individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and showed good discriminative performance over commonly used laboratory tests in detecting various stages of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis progression.

Results from the phase 2/3 clinical trial of gantenerumab or solanezumab in dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s disease reveal no beneficial effects on cognitive measures despite a significant reduction in amyloid plaques and other key biomarkers in those treated with gantenerumab.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection can cause congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, the authors generate neural progenitor cells from dizygotic twins with a discordant phenotype regarding CZS and study their response to ZIKV infection.

Leprosy is caused by the yet-uncultured pathogen Mycobacterium leprae. Here, Benjak et al. obtain M. leprae genome sequences from DNA extracted from patients' skin biopsies and, by analysing 154 genomes from 25 countries, provide insight into the pathogen’s evolution and antimicrobial resistance.

Sequencing of B cell receptors and expression of the corresponding monoclonal antibodies is used to characterize the evolution of the long-term B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.

A new high-resolution record for the Antarctic Zone shows persistent anti-phasing of high interglacial ocean productivity and high glacial dust deposition, suggesting a close inter-hemispheric coupling of cryosphere, ocean and atmosphere.

Targeted sequencing panels such as MSK-IMPACT have been successfully used to profile solid tumours in clinical settings. Here, the authors develop and implement the MSK-IMPACT Heme sequencing panel and platform to profile haematologic malignancies using paired tumor and normal tissues.

Conserved microbiome features across clinical and geographical variations may enable microbiome-based predictions of outcomes in CD19-targeted CAR-T cell immunotherapy

The Scalable Precision Medicine Oriented Knowledge Engine (SPOKE) is a heterogeneous knowledge network that integrates information from 29 public databases. Here, Nelson et al. extend SPOKE to embed clinical data from electronic health records to create medically meaningful barcodes for each medical variable.

Wherry and colleagues define the kinetics of vaccine-primed recall immune responses during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) breakthrough infection, highlighting rapid activation of memory T cells and broadly enhanced immune responses in previously vaccinated individuals.

Bhattacharya and colleagues assess the impact of antigenic imprinting using samples from mRNA vaccinated or unvaccinated individuals primarily infected with the SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta and Omicron BA.1.

A risk score based on a 34-gene signature for outcome prediction in meningioma was developed and validated in large multi-institutional cohorts and showed better performance in discriminating postoperative menignioma outcomes compared with existing meningioma classification systems.

Viral infections and exposure to inhaled allergens are linked to asthma onset, exacerbations and progression. Here, the authors used controlled experimental rhinovirus infection in patients with and without asthma, and further assessed in vitro the role of house dust mite allergen combined with rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2 infection. They discovered that rhinovirus-induced activation of epithelial RIG-I inflammasome supresses antiviral immunity, promotes inflammation during asthma exacerbations and aggravates subsequent infection with SARS-CoV-2, particularly upon house dust mite exposure.

Adoptive cell therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in metastatic lung cancer patients is safe and elicits antitumor activity, including ongoing complete responses, in association with polyclonal T cell responses against tumor antigens.

Characterization of the vaginal microbiome and metabolome reveals that vaginal metabolites, including several exogenous xenobiotics, are predictive of spontaneous preterm birth.

Analysis of evolutionary dynamics of colorectal cancers and paired distant brain or liver metastases provides evidence that early disseminated cancer cells seed metastases before the carcinoma is clinically detectable.

Profiling of a case of secondary T cell lymphoma following anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy suggests that it was not caused by CAR insertional mutagenesis, with single-center analysis indicating that secondary T cell lymphoma risk after commercial CAR T cell treatment is low.

TRIM37 overexpression promotes centrosome dysfunction that drives genomic instability in breast cancer cell lines containing the recurrent 17q23 amplicon, revealing a vulnerability that can be targeted to eliminate cancer cells.

Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis/granulocytopenia, or CIAG, is characterised by a rare and potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic drugs. Here, the authors identify genetic variants in two immune-related genes that may contribute to the pathophysiology of CIAG.

Pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) usually receive dialysis treatment before undergoing transplantation. The development of dialysis programs in specialized pediatric nephrology units has led to the improved survival and rehabilitation of children with ESRD. The authors of this Review discuss the various medical, surgical, nutritional and psychosocial factors that need to be considered in order to provide optimal hemodialysis to children with ESRD.

Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is known to modulate the extracellular matrix and hair follicle morphogenesis. Here, Morgner et al.show that lack of ILK causes an aberrant ratio of basement membrane laminins, activating stem cells and predisposing skin to carcinogenesis.

Optimal management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents during the periendoscopic period requires consideration, but limited prospective data mean that guidelines have largely relied on expert opinion. This Review summarizes the ASGE guidelines, details the relevant literature on which they are based, considers literature that has become available since their publication, and provides a framework for the management of periendoscopic anticoagulation.

This Review examines the pros and cons of screening for coronary heart disease in asymptomatic subjects with diabetes. At present, there is insufficient evidence of clinical benefit to justify such a practice; therefore, carefully conducted clinical trials are urgently required to resolve the question.

Richard Guerrant and colleagues discuss the growing evidence that vicious cycles of early childhood enteric infections and malnutrition are associated with obesity and its comorbidities in later life, forming a triple burden of poverty. The potential mechanisms and interventions that must be understood and applied to prevent this loss of human potential are also presented.

Mechanics of epidermal differentiation Miroshnikova et al. find that during embryonic development, epidermal basal layer crowding generates local changes in cell shape, cortical tension, and adhesion that initiate differentiation and delamination

In multi-layered epithelia tight junctions (TJ) are confined to the most suprabasal viable layer. Here the authors show that this is regulated by ubiquitously localized E-cadherin tuning junctional tension and EGFR activity to inhibit TJ formation in lower layers while promoting TJ stability in the granular layer 2.

A new programme at the US Department of Defense funds regenerative medicine to help wounded vets, but a surprising level of detail seems top secret