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Oat is an important food crop, but the genetic diversity within the gene pool remains unclear. Here, the authors report the analyses of worldwide diversity and population structure of hexaploid oat, and identify signatures of structural rearrangements within the germplasm collection.

A pangenome of oat, assembled from 33 wild and domesticated oat lines, sheds light on the evolution and genetic diversity of this cereal crop and will aid genomics-assisted breeding to improve productivity and sustainability.

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias identifies new loci and enables generation of a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

Here, the authors leverage whole-genome sequencing from >88,000 diverse individuals to uncover 18 BMI-related genetic signals, including novel variants in participants of African genetic ancestry, highlighting the value of diversity in genetic discovery.

A phase 1/2 clinical trial of a new device-assisted therapy in Parkinson’s disease revealed that intracerebroventricular administration of anaerobic dopamine was safe and significantly reduced l-dopa-related complications.

The limited proliferative capacity of erythroid precursors complicates the production of red blood cells for clinical purposes in vitro. Here, the authors show that erythroid proliferative capacity can be vastly increased by BMI1 overexpression, which regulates erythroid self-renewal through both gene repression and activation.

Hawaiian endemic mints represent the second largest plant radiation in the archipelago. Here, the authors present a reference genome and numerous resequenced individuals to uncover evidence for polyploidy, geographic speciation and localized hybridization underlying diversification in this lineage

Large genome-wide meta-analysis of clinically diagnosed late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) from 94,437 individuals identifies new LOAD risk loci and implicates Aβ formation, tau protein binding, immune response and lipid metabolism.

The goals, resources and design of the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) programme are described, and analyses of rare variants detected in the first 53,831 samples provide insights into mutational processes and recent human evolutionary history.

Ribo-T is a tethered ribosome complex capable of orthogonal ribosome-mRNA functionality, but has low activity. Here the authors evolve new tether designs that support faster growth and increased protein expression.

Fu et al. define a heterogeneous population of MaSC subsets based on the expression of LGR5 and TSPAN8, with varying anatomical locations in the mouse mammary ductal tree, in vivo repopulating abilities, cell cycle status and molecular signatures.

The supraglacial meltwater ponds of the McMurdo Ice Shelf, analogues for proposed Cryogenian period eukaryotic refugia, are shown to host diverse and varied eukaryotic communities.

Automated 3D design produces rapid and near-atomically accurate predictions of RNA tertiary structure as well as the ability to generate complex RNA machines such as functional single-stranded tethered ribosomes, and enhancement of the binding properties of small-molecule RNA aptamers.

Few aerobic hyperthermophilic microorganisms are known to degrade polysaccharides. Here, Nou et al. use genomic information to enrich and optical tweezers to isolate an aerobic hyperthermophilic bacterium that can grow at 65–87.5 °C using polysaccharides as sole carbon sources.

Sex differences in fasting glucose and insulin have been identified, but the genetic loci underlying these differences have not. Here, the authors perform a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies to detect sex-specific and sex-dimorphic loci associated with fasting glucose and insulin.

The authors show that the cell-penetrating peptide DG9 enhances PMO delivery to skeletal and cardiac muscles via multiple endocytic pathways. DG9-PMO significantly boosts dystrophin restoration and cardioprotection, addressing a key challenge in the therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Analysis of whole-genome sequences of 25,465 individuals of European ancestry shows that rare variants contribute substantially to the heritability of height and body mass index.

The function of the KCNH family of potassium channels is critical for the repolarization of the cardiac action potential and the regulation of neuronal excitability; here, the X-ray crystal structure of the cyclic-nuclotide-binding homology domain of the zebrafish ELK channel is reported.

Unprecedented floods and droughts bring new challenges for risk reduction, as is clear from this analysis of the drivers of changing impacts in many cases worldwide, with implications for efficient governance and investment in integrated management.

Sven van der Lee, Julie Williams, Gerard Schellenberg and colleagues identify rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3 and TREM2 associated with Alzheimer's disease. These genes are highly expressed in microglia and provide additional evidence that the microglia-mediated immune response contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Claudia Langenberg, James Meigs and colleagues apply a joint meta-analysis approach that accounts for differences in body mass index to identify variants associated with glycemic traits. They report six new loci associated with fasting insulin levels and provide insights into the genetic basis of insulin resistance.

Genetic analyses of ancestrally diverse populations show evidence of heterogeneity across ancestries and provide insights into clinical implications, highlighting the importance of including ancestrally diverse populations to maximize genetic discovery and reduce health disparities.

Xavier Argout and colleagues report the draft genome of Theobroma cacao, the tropical crop that is the source of chocolate. The sequence assembly covers approximately 80% of the genome.

A review of Earth system changes associated with past warmer climates provides constraints on the environmental changes that could occur under warming of 2 °C or more over pre-industrial temperatures.

Exome sequence analysis of nearly 10,000 people was carried out to identify alleles associated with early-onset myocardial infarction; mutations in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) or apolipoprotein A-V (APOA5) were associated with disease risk, identifying the key roles of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.

An X-ray crystal structure of two intracellular domains of a mouse KCNH voltage-dependent potassium channel, EAG1, is presented: the structure reveals that the eag domain interacts directly with the cyclic nucleotide-binding homology domain (CNBHD), and that many KCNH-associated disease mutations are localized to the eag domain–CNBHD interface.

GNPS is an open-access community-curated analysis platform for sharing natural product mass spectrometry data that enables continuous, automatic reanalysis of deposited 'living' data sets.