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Although the number of participants is important for phenotypic prediction accuracy in brain-wide association studies using functional MRI, scanning for at least 30 min offers the greatest cost effectiveness.

Understanding brain development and systems linked to behavioral change is a key goal in population neuroscience. The authors show the ventral attention network is key for brain development and cognitive ability in cross-culture longitudinal cohorts.

Temporal changes in brain dynamics are linked with cognitive abilities, but neither their stability nor relationship to psychosis is clear. Here, authors describe the dynamic neural architecture in healthy controls and patients with psychosis and find that they are stable over time and can predict psychotic symptoms.

In this study, the authors present work showing shared and distinct predictive network features associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors in children, adolescents and adults.

The study proposes a diversity-aware population modeling framework that can guide targeted strategies in public health, using Bayesian multilevel regression and post-stratification to quantify sociodemographic disparities in cognitive development.

The functional connectivity of brain regions can be reflected in a shared molecular architecture. This cross-modal study demonstrates correspondence of spatial patterns of gene expression to limbic and somato/motor cortico-striatal networks in human and non-human primates.

Here Zhang et al. establish multiscale relationships that link postmortem cell-type distributions with the in vivo functional organization of the human cerebral cortex, as assessed through functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Complex demographic and behavioral phenotypes can arise from coordinated interactions among brain systems. A single axis of co-variation spanning 'negative' and 'positive' attributes links diverse participant characteristics with specific patterns of brain connectivity.

Here, the authors present the Network Correspondence Toolbox, which enables researchers to examine and report spatial correspondence between their neuroimaging results and widely used brain atlases.

Genome-wide association analyses of intracranial and nine subcortical brain volumes in 74,898 participants of European ancestry identify 254 independent loci and yield polygenic scores accounting for brain variation across ancestries.

Hemispheric specialization is a fundamental aspect of human brain organization. Here, the authors demonstrate that language lateralization is heritable and evident throughout the broad functional architecture of cortex.

Neuroanatomical shape measurements are multidimensional geometric descriptions of brain structure. This study develops multivariate heritability analysis methods and examines structural brain MRI scans and genetic data to estimate the heritability of neuroanatomical shape.

Interneuron subtypes have distinct properties and spatial distributions. Here, the authors show that the molecular-genetic basis of cortical resting-state brain function is shaped by distributions of interneuron-related transcripts and may capture individual differences in schizophrenia risk.

Openshaw and colleagues find myeloid inflammation and complement activation signatures in patients with long COVID who were previously hospitalized.

Here, the authors use data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study to show how individual variation in cognition, personality and mental health can be predicted by shared and unique brain network features.

Genome-wide analysis identifies variants associated with the volume of seven different subcortical brain regions defined by magnetic resonance imaging. Implicated genes are involved in neurodevelopmental and synaptic signaling pathways.

How brain networks process dynamic naturalistic stimuli is not well understood. Here, the authors use machine learning algorithms to show that brain states in the default network capture the semantic aspects of an unfolding narrative during movie watching.

Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity exhibit complex spatiotemporal patterns across animal species. Here the authors show that sensory-motor regions and spatial heterogeneity in excitation-inhibition balance might shape multi-stability in brain dynamics.

The functional connectivity patterns in cocaine use disorder and their spatial link to neurotransmitter receptor densities are characterized. Findings suggest dopamine D_2/3 receptor densities may underlie the functional architecture of cocaine use.

Non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 also reduced incidence of respiratory pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Here, the authors report the resurgence of RSV in Australia following lifting of some of the restrictions and describe reduction in genetic diversity in circulating clades.

The hippocampus in mammalian brain varies in size across individuals. Here, Hibar and colleagues perform a genome-wide association meta-analysis to find six genetic loci with significant association to hippocampus volume.

Individual-level prediction is critical for precision medicine, but many neuroimaging prediction studies are underpowered. Here the authors present a simple yet powerful approach that effectively translates predictive models from big to small data.

In a GWAS study of 32,438 adults, the authors discovered five novel loci for intracranial volume and confirmed two known signals. Variants for intracranial volume were also related to childhood and adult cognitive function and to Parkinson's disease, and enriched near genes involved in growth pathways, including PI3K-AKT signaling.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an anti-inflammatory drug proposed as a treatment for COVID19. Here the results are reported from a randomised trial testing DMF treatment in 713 patients hospitalised with COVID-19. DMF was not associated with any improvement in day 5 outcomes.

Here, using pattern-learning analyses of structural, functional, and diffusion brain scans in ~40,000 UK Biobank participants, the authors provide population-scale evidence that the default network is associated with perceived social isolation.

Cortex morphology varies with age, cognitive function, and in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Here the authors report 160 genome-wide significant associations with thickness, surface area and volume of the total cortex and 34 cortical regions from a GWAS meta-analysis in 22,824 adults.

Using the lifespan brain chart and two large-scale cross-cultural consortia (ABIDE and CABIC), we disentangle the heterogeneity of brain morphology in ASD into two structural impairment pathways that could disrupt sensory to association functions.

The authors defined a roadmap for investigating the genetic covariance between structural or functional brain phenotypes and risk for psychiatric disorders. Their proof-of-concept study using the largest available common variant data sets for schizophrenia and volumes of several (mainly subcortical) brain structures did not find evidence of genetic overlap.

A randomized trial in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 showed no benefit and potentially increased harm associated with the use of convalescent plasma, with subgroup analyses suggesting that the antibody profile in donor plasma is critical in determining clinical outcomes.

Individual variability in behavior is influenced by social identities. Here, Dhamala et al. discuss the need to incorporate social identities in neuroimaging studies of behavior and explore how to foster inclusivity in research.

Paul Thompson and colleagues report a genome-wide association study for hippocampal, intracranial and total brain volume. They identify a locus at 12q24 associated with hippocampal volume and a locus at 12q14 associated with intracranial volume.

Genome-wide association studies are used to identify common genetic variants that affect the structure of selected subcortical regions of the human brain; their identification provides insight into the causes of variability in brain development and may help to determine mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction.

A cortical parcellation technique accurately maps functional organization in individual brains. Functional networks mapped by this approach are highly reproducible and effectively capture individual variability. The algorithm performs well across different populations and data types and is validated by invasive cortical stimulation mapping in surgical patients.

This review summarizes how predictive modeling, a method that uses brain features to predict individual differences in behavior, is used to understand developmental periods. Rosenberg et al focus specifically on adolescence and examples of characteristic adolescent behaviors such as risk-taking.

Kiesow et al. use deep learning to identify partially overlapping subnetworks in the human social brain at the population level. They also demonstrate that the learned subnetwork representations can be used to predict social traits.