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The direct contribution of aberrant epithelial cells to lung fibrosis is largely unknown. The authors use murine and human systems to identify how these cells activate fibroblasts, and how reciprocal signals cause them to enter a profibrotic state.

Deep phenotyping of responses to carbohydrate meals and mitigators revealed interindividual differences in postprandial glycemic responses that reflect underlying metabolic physiology, such as insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction.

Accurate cell-type identification is vital for single-cell analysis. Here, the authors develop a computational pipeline called “LungMAP CellRef” for efficient, automated cell-type annotation of normal and disease human and mouse lung single-cell datasets.

RMC-7977, a multi-selective RAS(ON) inhibitor, exhibits potent tumour-selective activity in multiple pre-clinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through a combination of pharmacology and oncogene dependence.

Multi-omics profiling of the blood and heart of two human decedents receiving pig heart xenografts, including single-cell studies, reveals early immune responses and perioperative cardiac xenograft dysfunction in one of the two decedents, which may be due to mismatched heart size and/or insufficient immunosuppression.

A newly identified exercise-induced signalling metabolite—an amidated conjugate of lactate and phenylalanine—can reduce food intake and improve blood glucose homeostasis.

High levels of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase encoding genes were detected in bacterial isolates causing neonatal sepsis in LMICs. Authors assess the in vitro activity of three antibiotics (fosfomycin, flomoxef and amikacin) in combination against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates.

The cellular origins of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a rare fatal lung disease, are poorly understood. Here the authors identify a mesenchymal cell hub coordinating the LAM phenotype and develop a LAM mouse model where they investigate the co-operative dysregulation of mTORC1 and WNT growth pathways in the sex- and age-specific changes leading to structural and functional decline.

T cell activation is a process that requires extra nutrients, which could be difficult to source from the tumor microenvironment in competition with tumor cells. Here authors increase the metabolic fitness of CAR-T cells by stable overexpression of the glucose transporter GLUT1, which allows them to increase their glucose intake and enhances their antitumour function.

Dense multi-omics microsampling for the frequent capture and analysis of thousands of molecules in blood alongside physiological information from wearables facilitates the profiling of lifestyle-associated changes in an individual’s health.

Melting from Greenland’s glaciers increases primary productivity in Qeqertarsuup Tunua by up to 40%, according to analysis of biogeochemical modelling.

The nineteenth-century Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell made groundbreaking contributions to many areas of science including thermodynamics and colour vision. However, he is best known for his equations that unified electricity, magnetism and light.

Human respiratory bronchioles contain a unique population of secretory cells called respiratory airway secretory cells that are distinct from the cells in the larger proximal airways, and act as unidirectional progenitors for alveolar type 2 cells.

Structural studies of the dimerization quality control E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF–FBXL17 indicate that its selectivity for aberrant complex formation is based on recognizing both shape and complementarity of interacting domains.

A newly designed control architecture uses deep reinforcement learning to learn to command the coils of a tokamak, and successfully stabilizes a wide variety of fusion plasma configurations.

Snyder and colleagues present a comprehensive multiomic atlas of normal mucosal, benign polyps and dysplastic polyps from six persons with familial adenomatous polyposis, comprising transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and lipidomic datasets.

Escherichia coli is a major cause of urinary tract infection. Here, Biggel et al. provide a phylogenomic analysis of 907 clinical E. coli isolates and identify the P-fimbriae-encoding locus associated with invasive uropathogenic E. coli isolates.

Paris et al. show that after injury or influenza infection alveolar type II cells signal via a STAT3–BDNF axis that activates the TrkB receptor on mesenchymal niche cells and enhances alveolar repair.

Although vaccination drops COVID-19 mortality in older adults, post-vaccine fatal COVID-19 in nursing home outbreaks was linked to Delta, Gamma and Mu variants, persistently detected in aerosols. Mortality was predicted by IFNB1 or age, ORF7a and ACE2 mRNAs.

In this study, the authors show that age-related aberrant synaptic remodeling in the retinal outer plexiform layer is mediated by LBK1-AMPK signaling. They also show that treatments which elevate AMPK signaling, including caloric restriction or administration of metformin, can ameliorate these deficits.

Autoantibodies to thyroid peroxidase are the hallmark of Hashimoto thyroiditis, the most common form of thyroid autoimmunity. However, the relative contribution of antibodies and T cells to disease has been a long-standing controversy—now settled by a transgenic mouse model. Thyroid peroxidase–specific T cells, in the absence of mature B cells and antibodies, spontaneously infiltrate and destroy the thyroid gland, causing overt hypothyroidism and obesity (pages 920–926).

Single cell RNA sequencing atlases of HermanskyPudlak syndrome elucidate cellular abnormalities including emergence of inflammatory fibroblasts that are associated with pulmonary fibrosis.

David M. Whiley and colleagues discuss the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) inNeisseria gonorrhoeae, particularly emerging resistance to the cephalosporin ceftriaxone, and propose the use of molecular approaches to enhance gonococcal AMR surveillance.

A review of Earth system changes associated with past warmer climates provides constraints on the environmental changes that could occur under warming of 2 °C or more over pre-industrial temperatures.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are the most prominent family of nociceptive ion-channel transducer proteins. This Review highlights evidence supporting particular TRP channels as targets for analgesics, indicates the likely efficacy profiles of TRP-channel-acting compounds and looks at recent clinical trials with TRP-channel-acting drugs.

Emerging data suggest that small regulatory RNAs regulate stem cell self-renewal and neuronal fate specification. Li and Jin review the mechanisms through which this can be achieved and the implications for vertebrate and invertebrate neurogenesis.

Considerable advances have been made in the field of outer membrane protein biogenesis during the past year. The β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) mediates efficient insertion of folded β-barrels into the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The role of the BAM in the folding of membrane proteins is discussed in this Review.

The proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the embryonic and adult brain are influenced by various processes, including epigenetic regulation. Song and colleagues review the epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis in health and in various brain disorders, placing their focus on DNA and histone modifications.