The diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS) still relies largely on clinical manifestations and imaging. Blood-based or cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers to facilitate prognostic evaluation, staging and subtyping of MS, as well as to predict treatment response and adverse effects, are sorely needed. This comprehensive Review by Charlotte Teunissen and colleagues provides an update on advances in biomarker development and validation in MS, focusing on the clinical applications of MS biomarkers.
- Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Arjan Malekzadeh
- Joep Killestein
