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In multiple sclerosis, smoldering inflammation contributes to clinical progression. Using multi-omics data, here the authors link chronic inflammation to senescence-like processes and cellular network changes, suggesting a potential therapeutic target.

Klein and colleagues characterize 04_A06, a new V_H1-2-encoded broadly neutralizing antibody that has marked breadth and potency against extended multiclade HIV-1 pseudovirus panels and can maintain full viral suppression in HIV-1-infected humanized mice.

Loss-of-function variants of ABCA7, associated with Alzheimer’s disease, result in disrupted lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, DNA repair and synaptic signalling pathways in the human brain.

The existence of a pan-tropical forest carbon sink remains uncertain due to the lack of data from Asia. Here, using direct on-the-ground observations, the authors confirm remaining intact forests in Borneo have provided a long-term carbon sink, but carbon net gains are vulnerable to drought and edge effects.

The cause of abnormal alveolar regeneration in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is unknown. Here, the authors generated a temporo-spatial cellular map of the regenerating niche and, using unbiased mathematical methods, identified a spatial interaction between a subset of macrophages and aberrant alveolar epithelial cells across all stages of the disease.

Eight photographers enter the twilight zone.

2023 CX1 is the only L-chondrite-like asteroid analysed from space to ground. It catastrophically fragmented in the atmosphere, depositing 98% of its energy in one burst—an unusual, high-risk fragmentation mode with implications for planetary defence.

The valley splitting in a stack of graphene and boron nitride can be controlled through a quantum dot induced by a scanning tunnelling microscope.

The precise delivery of materials onto graphene is important for nano-processing but little is known about the mechanisms of such processes. Here, the authors use a range of microscopic techniques for the real-time observation of nanoparticle transfer from the inner channel of a carbon nanotube onto graphene.

Microbial strategies for allocating limited resources to different cellular functions remain to be fully understood. Lisevich et al. show how the interplay between general physical and context-dependent physiological limitations determines resource allocation into a major bacterial cellular function, motility.

The crystallographically forbidden fivefold symmetry in icosahedra remains a long-standing mystery. Here, the authors resolve the three-dimensional atomic structure of Janus-like icosahedral nanoparticles with atomic resolution by electron tomography.

Electrochemical properties of organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors depend on their microstructure in operational ionic environments. The microstructure of a model organic mixed ionic–electronic conductor across multiple length scales in both dry and hydrated states, as well as its evolution on hydration, is revealed using cryogenic four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy.

Santos et al found that the ubiquitin ligase adaptor Fbxo42 is a critical regulator of terminal Unfolded Protein Response signaling through its control of Ataxin-2 granules containing Xbp1 mRNA.

By functionalizing molecular graphene nanoribbons with stable spin-bearing nitronyl nitroxide radical groups, delocalized magnetic edge states are observed, with microsecond-scale spin coherence times.

Elevated viscosity counterintuitively increases the motility of various cell types in vitro and imprints mechanical memory to tumour cells, which enables them to disseminate more efficiently in vivo.

Scanning transmission electron microscopy is a powerful material probe, but constrained to large atomic number samples due to the issues of beam damage and weak scattering. Here, Ophus et al.propose a method that produces linear phase contrast in a focused electron beam to image dose-sensitive objects.

They determine four cryo-EM structures of NiV polymerases from different strains and establish RdRp enzymatic assays for anti-NiV drug discovery. A back-priming RdRp activity and the binding between RdRp core and CD domains in NiV L were identified.

Chemical and structural imaging of Komodo dragon teeth reveals that they maintain their sharp cutting edges through iron-enriched coatings, a unique adaptation compared with theropod dinosaurs (for which they have previously been used as an extant model).

Co–Mn spinel oxides are the most promising precious-metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction in alkaline electrolytes, but their structure–activity properties are not yet fully understood. Now, in situ XRD and REXS performed on MnCo₂O₄ identify surface tensile strain at low potentials and a reversible transformation between cubic and tetragonal structures.

Two-dimensional arrays of trapped ion qubits are attractive platforms for quantum information processing, but rapid reloading remains a challenge. Here the authors use a continuous flux of pre-cooled neutral atoms to achieve fast loading of single ions without affecting the coherence of adjacent qubits.

The response of the electronic structure to the non-trivial polarization texture in PbTiO₃/SrTiO₃ superlattices has not been explored. Here, the authors reveal how the peaks of the spectra shift and change their local electronic structure depending on the position of the Ti cation.

Patterns of erosion and deposition by some slope streaks on Mars are consistent with a dry dust avalanche origin, according to an analysis of orbital images before and after new streaks formed.

The electro-oxidative synthesis of valued chemicals offers to enhance the overall efficiency and economic viability of renewable electrosynthesis systems. Here, the authors use dopant-tuned catalysts to promote the electrosynthesis of dimethyl carbonate from CO and methanol via oxidative carbonylation.

Adhesion assembly is needed for cell migration. Horwitz and colleagues report that new adhesions assemble in the lamellipodium in a manner that is independent of myosin II but requires actin polymerization.

Recognition of tumour antigen induces dendritic cell activation and migration to the lymph node. Here, the authors use photoconvertible mice to demonstrate that some activated dendritic cells are retained in tumours and gradually lose function, but their ability to support local anti-tumour responses can be augmented by anti-PD-L1 blockade.

The kinetic pathways driving morphological changes in core-shell metallic nanowires are crucial for their functional properties. Here authors reveal a three-step deposition process, and influence nanoparticle size and surface roughness.

The chromatin-remodelling enzyme ATRX and the transcription factor HNF4A are identified as pivotal regulators of colonic epithelial identity, with roles in metastasis in colorectal cancer.

Quantifying rapid and small cellular forces is a major challenge in mechanobiology. Here, the authors show a >2-fold spatially and >10-fold temporally force sampling improvement combining traction force microscopy with total internal reflection fluorescence super-resolution structured illumination microscopy.

Some early flying dinosaurs, such as the Early Creataceous Microraptor, possessed four wings, but their aerodynamic performance is poorly understood. Dyke et al. show that Microraptordid not require sophisticated wing morphology to undertake effective glides, supporting the view that the origin of feathers in dinosaurs is not associated with flight.

Crystal structures of cyanobacterial protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases reveal the basis of the photocatalytic activities of this enzyme, through the role of its active site in enabling the light-driven reduction of protochlorophyllide.

The architectures of chromatin fibers are resolved using a spatial genome aligner.

Energy density and cyclability are often a trade-off for lithium-ion batteries. The authors develop cobalt- and nickel-free cathodes with both good cycling stability and high energy density through the integration of polyanion units into rocksalt structures.

Liquid phase transmission electron microscopy reveals the growth pathway of 2D cobalt oxide and cobalt nickel oxide, in which 3D nanoparticles are formed first and then spread and transform into 2D nanosheets.

Analysis of mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) by using whole-genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancer samples across 38 cancer types identifies hypermutated mtDNA cases, frequent somatic nuclear transfer of mtDNA and high variability of mtDNA copy number in many cancers.

Studying organic molecular nanocrystals with electron microscopy has been challenging due to complex structures and radiation sensitivity. Here, the authors present 4D-scanning confocal electron diffraction, and demonstrate direct in situ observation of structural evolution of bulk heterojunction thin films.