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The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis requires coordinated protein–lipid signals. Here, Gelles et al. show that a BAX lipid-binding cavity for 2-trans-hexadecenal cooperates with BIM to allosterically activate BAX prior to membrane insertion.

ATF6α activation in human and preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma is significantly associated with an aggressive tumour phenotype characterized by reduced survival, glycolytic reprogramming and local immunosuppression.

The paper reports a scalable, chemical-free plasma process that converts methane and water into high-purity, single-layer graphene oxide while co-producing hydrogen, cutting greenhouse emissions, and lowering cost compared with conventional methods.

Reducing the assumptions required for certification of genuinely quantum behaviour is important both for quantum foundations and technologies. Here, the authors propose a theory-independent framework for quantum process tomography, and test it on a superconducting qubit, witnessing decoherence, loss of contextuality and non-Markovian evolution.

The burden of dengue disease in infants has increased in Brazil over the last 25 years. Here, the authors analyse spatiotemporal heterogeneity in disease incidence to characterise the contribution of changing maternal immunity to infant dengue risk.

The APOE-ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not deterministic. Here, the authors show that common genetic variation changes how APOE-ε4 influences cognition.

CRISPR–Cas9 in Streptococcus pyogenes prevents self-cleavage through abasic CRISPR RNA oxidations that suppress off-target activity. Inspired by a natural mechanism, Gu and Kim et al. designed chemically modified abasic guide RNAs to enhance genome-editing specificity of SpCas9, suppressing off-target toxicity in in vivo applications.

Fractal analysis of structural MRI captures the formation of brain shape in human newborns and outperforms other morphological measures in predicting infant age and genetic similarity, including the identification of twins from their brain data.

The authors found that the Alzheimer’s disease-associated protein tau, widely considered pathogenic when hyperphosphorylated, has a natural function as part of the innate immune system in the brain and can protect against herpes simplex virus 1.

The lowest-frequency gravitational wave background may be shaped by supermassive black hole binaries that scatter nearby stars or dark matter. In this case, the NANOGrav 15-year dataset favours dense galactic centres with 10⁶ solar masses per cubic parsec.

Energy deposition inside silicon with ultrashort laser pulses is intrinsically restricted. Here, authors demonstrate that this filamentation-driven ceiling is universal in semiconductors. Extreme nonlinearities are quantified to predict and optimize involume laser-semiconductor interaction.

Both environmental factors and genetic factors influence human immunity. Albert and colleagues leverage data from the Milieu Intérieur Consortium to comprehensively describe the effects of lifestyle, environment and genetics on human innate and adaptive immunity.

Exposure to inflammation drives hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) aging, limiting their self-renewal capacity and differentiation. Here, the authors explore the mechanistic link between inflammation and HSC aging. Using mouse models, they identify the innate immune RNA sensor MDA5 as a key mediator of HSC aging and show that MDA5 loss ameliorates the aging phenotype by improving proteostasis in aged HSCs.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Saturation genome editing of a cancer mutation hotspot in CTNNB1, the gene encoding β-catenin, reveals a gradient of effects of missense mutations on Wnt signaling.

This paper reports the excess mortality estimated during the evolving consecutive waves of COVID-19 in countries participating in the European Mortality Monitoring Network (EuroMOMO) in 2020-2023 and how they compare to recent influenza seasons.

Laser wakefield accelerators can produce extremely short X-ray pulses from electrons driven by intense lasers in plasma. Using simulations and batch Bayesian optimization, the authors show that adding a plasma density spike can boost attosecond betatron radiation by more than an order of magnitude.

Age-related decline of chaperone-mediated autophagy blunts the regenerative capacity of muscle stem cells, partly due to impaired glycolytic shift required for normal stem cell expansion.

Terahertz microspectroscopic imaging at subgap millielectronvolt energies of a two-dimensional superfluid plasmon in few-layer Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+x is demonstrated, allowing the spatial resolution of its deeply subdiffractive terahertz electrodynamics.

Chaperone-mediated autophagy declines with age in skeletal muscle of humans and mice, leading to muscle dysfunction characterized by impaired calcium homoeostasis and mitochondrial function.

Haematopoietic stem cell numbers are restricted at both systemic and local levels.

The host microbiome may influence asthma susceptibility differently across diverse geographic or ethnic populations. Here the authors perform a microbiome study of asthma in US Hispanic/Latino adults and evaluate the influence of obesity and genetic factors on the relationship between microbiome characteristics and asthma.

Forests are essential for both climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation, yet how to balance these goals in managed forests remains unclear. Here, using a Europe-wide dataset, the authors find that biodiversity increases with carbon stocks, but mostly when deadwood is included.

Understanding the architectural principles shape human brain networks is a major challenge for systems neuroscience. Here, authors show embryogenic age is associated with functional and structural brain architecture and that embryonic age gradients are associated with genes related to nervous system development and vulnerability to neurological disorders.

Vassy, Dornisch and colleagues developed a genomics-based prostate cancer risk model to support a randomized clinical trial of precision screening in a national healthcare system.

Patin and colleagues present a mineable Resource database for identifying demographic and genetic factors that impact antiviral antibody repertoires in humans.

Adaptation is often viewed as a local, highly contextual challenge; however, given the regional nature of many climate risks, adaptation could benefit from municipal collaboration. Here, I present four avenues of collaboration that support learning, discuss their advantages, and reflect on their effectiveness and challenges for urban adaptation.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

DiNardo et al. perform a phase 1b/2 clinical trial of telaglenastat (CB-839) in combination with azacytidine in persons with advanced myelodysplastic syndromes and report on the treatment safety and efficacy, including a definition of clinical responders.

The majority of incident HIV infections in Eastern and Southern Africa occur in the general population. Here, the authors harmonise data from eight open population-based cohort studies from six countries and describe individual and community-level risk factors for HIV acquisition.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.