Search

Female genital tract (FGT) microbiome dynamics in discordant HIV shedding and long-term antiretroviral therapy are poorly understood. Here, using 125 cervicovaginal specimens collected over two years from 31 women living with HIV in Lima, Peru, Kaelin et al. show that FGT bacteriome and virome patterns over time are linked with discordant shedding and ART duration.

MAP1B is bound and regulated by fragile X protein FMRP. Here, the authors show that elevated levels of MAP1B reduce the morphological and physiological maturation of human neurons and impair social behavior in mice.

Gannot et al. show that Tac1 neurons in the NTS mediate an airway–vagal–brain pathway that is crucial for coughing in mice. These neurons receive direct vagal sensory inputs and coordinate downstream circuits to control coughing.

Antipsychotic drugs induce metabolic dysfunction via prodynorphin-expressing ventromedial hypothalamus neuron suppression, which can be mitigated with GLP-2 receptor agonism.

Blanpain and colleagues delineate lineage reprogramming following PTEN deletion in different prostate cancer-originating cells, demonstrating that in basal cells the NF-κB pathway and innate immunity control stem cell plasticity and tumor initiation.

How different cell types in primary motor cortex contribute to movement during learning and/or execution is not fully understood. Here authors show that corticothalamic neurons of the primary motor cortex are silent during movement and that this activity signature is critical for proficient movement generation.

The molecular mechanisms underlying the Bezold–Jarisch reflex and syncope (fainting) involve vagal sensory neurons that express neuropeptide Y receptor Y2, the deletion of which in animal models abolishes the Bezold–Jarisch reflex.

Distinct clusters of inhibitory neurons in the mouse amygdala perform opposing roles in fear extinction.

A set of neurons in the peri-locus coeruleus region controls arousal and avoidance states, providing an understanding of the neurobiological basis of arousal and exploratory behaviours.

Experiments in mice show that although ketamine has positive reinforcement properties, which are driven by its action on the dopamine system, it does not induce the synaptic plasticity that is typically observed with addiction.

Here the authors show that REST/NRSF represses non-muscle lineage genes in muscle stem cells and progenitors, preserving their identity and differentiation capacity. Loss of REST disrupts gene silencing, impairs muscle regeneration, and leads to stem cell pool depletion.

Pyramidal cells are classically thought to comprise the excitatory output of the subiculum. Here, the authors show the existence of “ovoid cells”, excitatory subiculum neurons with specialized gene expression, morphology, projections, and function.

TDP-43 controls an exon splicing event in UNC13A that results in the inclusion of a cryptic exon associated with frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Combining rabies-based connectomics with single-nucleus transcriptomics, the authors identify a neural circuit through which GLP-1 receptor agonists suppress appetite in mice.

Chaib et al. find that therapy-induced senescent cells have high programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2), contributing to recurrence. They show that PD-L2 blocking combined with chemotherapy is therapeutically beneficial because it reduces senescent cells and immunosuppressive cell recruitment.

Purkinje cells form a diverse population, but how diversity contributes to cerebellar behavior is not fully understood. Here, the authors reveal how nuances in molecular signatures correlate with electrophysiological, anatomical, and ultimately functional differences among Purkinje cell subpopulations.

Dormant liver stages of Plasmodium vivax complicate malaria elimination efforts by causing relapses that obscure the efficacy of antimalarial treatments. Here, the authors develop a high-throughput amplicon sequencing assay to reconstruct P. vivax lineages, demonstrating its capacity for geospatial infection tracking, and distinguishing recurrent malaria caused by new infections versus untreated dormant liver stages.

The authors show that LARP4 drives T cell dysfunction in tumors by promoting hypertranslation of oxidative phosphorylation-related mRNAs, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. They also target LARP4 to enhance T cell persistence and anti-tumor activity and provide a CAR T cell strategy for treating solid and liquid tumors.

MSnLib is a large-scale, open MSⁿ spectral library featuring >2.3 million MSⁿ and >357,000 MS² spectra for 30,008 unique small molecules.

A method termed ac⁴C-seq is introduced for the transcriptome-wide mapping of the RNA modification N⁴-acetylcytidine, revealing widespread temperature-dependent acetylation that facilitates thermoadaptation in hyperthermophilic archaea.

Authors report MagNet, a plasma extracellular vesicle (EV) enrichment strategy using magnetic beads. Proteomic interrogation of this plasma EV fraction enables the detection of proteins that are beyond the dynamic range of mass spectrometry of unfractionated plasma.

Analgesia from the expectation of pain relief is mediated by rostral anterior cingulate cortex neurons that project to the pontine nucleus.

Mobilization of immature neutrophils (imNeu) can migrate from bone marrow (BM) to circulation and inflamed tissues. However, the mechanism of its mobilization and function remains unknown. Here the authors identify ILC1 mediates IL-10 producing imNeu mobilization to inflamed tissue via IFN-γ, thus tempering the acute inflammation.

Here the authors dissect the developmental and functional relationship between tumor-responsive cytotoxic T cells in the tumor versus the tumor-draining lymph nodes (tdLNs), finding that stem-like T_PEX cells dependent on MYB in the tdLNs are required for CD8⁺ T cell tumor infiltration and ICB responses.

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a sleep phase characterised by random eye movements for which the underlying motor commands are yet to be revealed. The authors describe that a cluster of medulla oblongata neurons in the Nucleus papiliocontributes to the control of eye movements during REM sleep.

Formation of urate and calcium pyrophosphate micro-crystals is responsible for painful inflammatory flares in gout and chondrocalcinosis. Here the authors show that the osmo-sensitive LRRC8 anion channel is involved with macrophage inflammasome activation by crystals involving cell volume regulation and ATP release leading to P2Y receptor activation.

Two polypeptides synthesized by common bacterial strains in human gut microbiota lower body fat and blood glucose and increase bone density, improving the metabolism of rodents.

In vivo two-photon calcium imaging analyses of sensory inputs from the gastrointestinal tract and upper airways in mice reveal spatial organization and coding principles of the interoceptive nervous system.

Newly formed biogenic particles in the Himalaya increase free-tropospheric background aerosol concentration by a factor of up to two.

Glycosylation of human IgG antibodies in bacterial hosts has proven challenging. Here, the authors identify a bacterial enzyme enabling E. coli to glycosylate IgGs at native sites, thereby advancing therapeutic antibody development in this host.

The biological mechanisms of rehabilitation after stroke are not fully understood. Here authors identify parvalbumin interneurons as a key mediator of rehabilitation-induced stroke recovery and a drug targeting these neurons as a potential therapy.

By optogenetically silencing thalamus, the authors show that visual cortex does not sustain a response without thalamus for more than a few tens of milliseconds. This rapid cortical activity decay predicts the temporal dynamics of sensory activity transmission between thalamus and cortex in awake animals, whereas under anesthesia, the fidelity of thalamo-cortical connection is dominated by the effect of synaptic depression.

Zhang et al. report that the BLA contains ‘hardwired’ positive-valence and negative-valence neurons, which each express Fezf2 but have distinct connectivity. These neurons separately drive learning and expression of avoidance or approach behavior.

Kutlu, Zachry, Melugin et al. show that dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core is evoked by novel, neutral stimuli and tracks stimulus familiarity in the absence of valence-based predictions. These signals influence the speed of future learning for familiar stimuli.

Distinct dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area respond to physiological fluid balance and nutrient cues at specific stages of ingestion, driving learning about the physiological effects of ingestion.

Early detection could improve prognosis for preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, major causes of maternal/fetal morbidity and mortality. Here they show that Leptin and Pappalysin2 cell free RNAs are elevated in maternal plasma in cases of PE + FGR.

A microfluidic CRISPR-based platform enables multiplexed and high-throughput identification of a wide range of respiratory viruses, including the ability to identify specific SARS-CoV-2 variants such as Delta and Omicron.

The prefrontal cortex is involved in goal-directed behaviour. Here the authors show that medial prefrontal cortex activates goal-directed motivation and dopamine neurons via a feedback loop with the anteromedial thalamus.

Jhang et al. identify a prefrontal–pontomedullary pathway that slows breathing and reduces anxiety in mice, where the pontine reticular nucleus converts excitatory prefrontal inputs into inhibitory signals to brainstem respiratory networks.

A proof-of-principle study shows that electromagnetic field-based in vivo lineage conversion can be used as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

This paper introduces msiFlow, an open-source software for scalable and reproducible end-to-end multimodal image analysis. Using msiFlow, the authors explore the molecular heterogeneity of leukocytes in infected tissues.

A population of neurons is identified in the lateral preoptic area that can drive the full range of social communication sounds with affective scaling during mating in mice.

Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening reveals novel modulators of heparan sulfate proteoglycans that regulate cellular uptake of α-synuclein fibrils, including in human dopaminergic neurons.

Feeding-relevant vagal signaling occurs between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain, but it is unclear if this pathway influences cognitive processes. This study shows that endogenous gastrointestinal derived vagal sensory signaling promotes hippocampal-dependent memory function via a multi-order brainstem–septal pathway.

Niclosamide has been shown to have activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, but poor bioavailability has hindered clinical development. In this clinical trial, the authors show that the niclosamide nanohybrid CP-COV03 alleviates COVID-19 symptoms and reduces viral load, offering a promising therapeutic option.