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Soils from calcium-rich parent materials contained 33% higher organic carbon, 58% higher total nitrogen, and 55% higher total phosphorus than calcium-poor soils enhanced bacterial network complexity and soil functions, according to a large-scale field survey in Guangxi and Guizhou, China.

The 5′ untranslated region is a critical regulatory region of mRNA, influencing gene expression regulation and translation. Chu, Yu and colleagues develop a language model for analysing untranslated regions of mRNA. The model, pretrained on data from diverse species, enhances the prediction of mRNA translation activities and has implications for new vaccine design.

Sequencing the genome and microbiome of about 1,500 tick samples from regions across China revealed host–microbe associations in ticks that could have implications for controlling ticks and tick-borne diseases.

Intracellular α-ketoglutarate availability dictates energy sensing through regulation of TET–YBX1-dependent AMP-activated protein kinase synthesis, which prevents disulfide stress accumulation and cell death in cancer cells.

Extreme Sr–Nd depletion in 2.8-billion-year-old basalt fragments from the lunar farside South Pole–Aitken basin suggests an ultra-depleted mantle source resulting from lunar magma ocean crystallization and/or later impact-related melt extraction.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

The mechanisms linking neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorders remain unclear. The authors show a pancreas–hippocampus feedback loop whereby metabolic and circadian factors drive behavioral fluctuations, with potential relevance for bipolar disorder.

In the dose-expansion cohort of this phase 1b trial, the EGFR×HER3 bispecific antibody–drug conjugate BL-B01D1 given to patients with metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma led to encouraging clinical response rates, which need to be confirmed in larger efficacy trials.

Air filtration is ubiquitous, though most commercial filters are not biodegradable, biocidal, or tolerant to volatile organic compounds. Here the authors report a facile strategy to engineer collagen fibers for sustainable, high-performance air purification.

An avian influenza H7N9 virus causes severe human disease, including acute and often lethal respiratory failure. Here, the authors report that plasma levels of angiotensin II, a regulatory peptide of the renin–angiotensin system, are associated with disease severity and fatal outcome in infected patients.

Efforts by leaders of the US national academies to adjust to the new political reality have spurred member concerns about capitulation and censorship.

How the brain adapts to rising working memory demands remains unclear. Here, the authors show that entorhinal cortex power features contributed more under medium-to-high loads than hippocampus and lateral temporal cortex, serving as a bridge between these regions.

This work introduces roll-to-roll fluidics, a method that enhances reagent efficiency and reduces turnaround time, enabling rapid and economical next-generation sequencing.

An icing forecast hydrogel device encapsulating ice-nucleating proteins colorimetrically predicts ice formation with high accuracy. The device successfully activated a wind turbine deicing system 70 min before ice accumulation.

Two types of amyloid-β protein (1–42) (Aβ₄₂) fibrils are known to form in the insoluble fraction of diseased human brains. Now, another type of Aβ₄₂ fibril (type III) has been identified in the soluble fraction of Alzheimer’s disease brain using cryo-electron microscopy. These studies also reveal differences in ligand–fibril interactions between fibril types.

Investigating cell heterogeneity and type-specific response is essential for improving crop resilience. Here, authors generate single-cell transcriptional landscape of maize roots in response to heat stress and reveal the relationship between the cortex and the heat tolerance.

Renal cell carcinoma consists of several subtypes, and recurrence is highly dependent on subtype. Here, the authors develop a multi-classifier using imaging, lncRNA and clinical data to predict recurrence in papillary renal cell carcinoma.

Square and rectangular beams made with new condenser apertures enable more efficient image capture in low-dose transmission electron microscopy with no compromise to image quality in single-particle cryoelectron microscopy.

Hydrogen oxidation in alkaline media is vital for fuel cells and ammonia compressors but typically requires costly platinum catalysts. Here the authors report a Pd-Ru pair decorated on Pt to enhance the mass activity of noble-metal for hydrogen oxidation reactions.

Sexual dimorphism is a feature of many cancers, but how this functions is often unclear. Here the authors show that in bladder cancer it is regulated by a microbiota–lurasidone–LCN2 circuit that controls the accumulation of a subpopulation of senescence-like neutrophils.

CAR-T cell therapies targeting BCMA have shown promising responses in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), however primary resistance and relapse are frequently observed. Here the authors report the results of a phase I//II study of bispecific CAR T-cells targeting BCMA and CD19 in relapsed/refractory MM.

By constructing a graph-based grapevine pangenome reference (Grapepan v.1.0) and incorporating structural variations and phenotypic maps, the study investigates the genetic basis of agronomic traits, empowering grapevine genomic breeding.

Polygenic risk scores for Alzheimer’s disease derived from individuals of European ancestry can show improved performance in multiancestry settings after incorporating genome-wide association summary statistics from diverse populations.

This study finds that during acute viral infection of the CNS, meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) can transport virus from the CNS to draining cervical lymph nodes. VEGF-C-induced expansion of functional MLVs facilitated virus clearance.

Geochemical analyses correlating the stratum that overlies the sediments containing the Omo fossils with material from a volcanic eruption suggest that these fossils (the oldest known modern human fossils in eastern Africa) are over 200,000 years old.

There is a critical gap in understanding the full spectrum of health effects associated with NO_x exposure. Here, the authors find using UK Biobank data that mortality from all-cause, non-accidental and other 20 specific diseases was significantly associated with NO_x.

Laramide flat-slab subduction releases fluids into the overlying crust that mediate water-fluxed melting of precursor arc lower crust, ultimately forming porphyry copper deposits, according to a geochronology and thermobarometry study.

HD5 induces filopodial extensions in epithelial cells that the pathogen Shigella exploits to facilitate invasion and infection.

Rare disease DEDSSH1-associated DPH1 mutations impair eEF2 diphthamide modification that leads to eEF2 as a transcriptional coactivator for p53 to enhance expression of the cell proliferation inhibitor p21, resulting in birth defects.

Real-time monitoring of the structural evolution of catalysts is essential for uncovering catalytic mechanisms and enhancing performance. Here, the authors report a time-resolved measurement that reveals the reconstruction of NiFe-based (oxy)hydroxides, facilitating highly active oxygen evolution.

Computationally designed genetically encoded proteins can be used to target surface proteins, thereby triggering endocytosis and subsequent intracellular degradation, activating signalling or increasing cellular uptake in specific tissues.

Pulmonary artery-vein segmentation is essential for disease diagnosis but has not been used with non-contrast CT. Here the authors developed HiPaS, a deep learning method which enables this with no inferiority to CTPA performance and a large-scale anatomical study using HiPaS reveals pulmonary vessel differences associated with sex, age, and disease.

Liang, Yan, Long, Ji et al. find that the origin and dynamics of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) during early development are not conserved between humans and mice and that 5hmC contributes to the activation of human embryonic genes.