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Coastal settlement retreat reflects human behavioural adaptation to increasing coastal climate hazards. Using night-time light data over 1992–2019, this study finds that over half of global coastal settlements have retreated, driven by insufficient infrastructure protection and adaptive capacity.

Transboundary river basins (TRBs) are at an increasing risk of water scarcity-induced conflicts. Nearly 40% of global TRBs could face such conflicts by 2050, but measures such as intra-basin cooperation could reduce this proportion to less than 10%.

In this study, Yang et al. compile a global dataset to uncover the degree to which plants coordinate root and seed traits. They report a global positive correlation between root diameter and seed size, driven by dual roles of arbuscular mycorrhiza in phosphorus uptake and pathogen defence.

This study develops a biophysical theory explaining root anatomical allometry as a regulator for carbon-nutrient exchange with mycorrhizal fungi. Accordingly, arbuscules residing inner cortical layers can improve carbon efficiency in nutrient uptake.

Mid- to high-latitude developed countries are projected to experience increased migration inflows, and low-latitude countries with low development status are likely to see increasing migration outflows, based on climate indices, migration and socio-economic data, and a statistical approach.

The authors present FuXi Weather, a machine learning-based global forecasting system that cycles data assimilation and forecasting, delivering accurate 10-day forecasts and outperforming numerical weather prediction models in observation-sparse regions like central Africa.

Climate-intensified supply–demand imbalances may raise hourly costs of wind and solar power systems, but well-designed climate-resilient strategies can provide help.

Rising global military spending significantly increases CO₂ emission intensity, potentially jeopardizing the 1.5 °C and 2 °C climate targets if military expenditure ratio exceeds critical thresholds.

Mid-high latitude lakes exhibit amplified heat release to the atmosphere due to an ice-loss feedback, revealing distinct responses to global warming between lakes in colder and warmer regions.

This study highlights the role Polar regions as a limiting factor in global sustainability due to teleconnection effects, and then propose a SDG target, key indicators, and emphasize Indigenous inclusion and global action.

This paper introduces FuXi-S2S, a machine-learning model that outperforms conventional numerical weather prediction models at subseasonal timescales globally, extending the skillful Madden–Julian Oscillation prediction form 30 days to 36 days.

The utility of photosensitizers for cancer therapies is often hindered by a single photosensitizing mechanism, the need of multiple irradiations, and limited tumor penetration and retention. Here, the authors address these issues by developing an aggregation-induced emission luminogen bacteria hybrid bionic robot that enables multimodal imaging and therapy and activates anti-tumor immunity.

An annually resolved 3476-year tree-ring record from the Tibetan Plateau reveals severe 20^th century droughts and highlights the interplay between the Asian Monsoon and Westerlies. Droughts are often linked to the collapse of dynasties.

Using a high-resolution model forced under a high emission scenario, the authors find an increase in subsurface marine heatwaves, and in concurrent surface and subsurface marine heatwaves, which can restrict refuge options of marine organisms.

The nonlinear behavior of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) remains largely unknown. Here, an ensemble reconstruction of EASM rainfall since the Last Glacial Maximum is presented and five tipping points in this monsoon system are identified.

More than 80% of vegetation burned globally regained its pre-fire level of productivity within 2 years, according to an assessment of post-fire vegetation productivity from 2004 to 2021.

Eddy covariance CO₂ flux measurements across 212 globally distributed sites reveal a threshold above which ecosystem respiration is temperature limited and below which it is water limited.

Despite overall warming, many regions in the Northern Hemisphere have been cooling in autumn. This cooling resulted in an increasing release of net CO₂ 2004–2018 as primary production decreased more than respiration in cooling and respiration increased more than production in warming areas.

Teleconnections between tipping elements in the Earth system are unclear. Here the authors use a climate network approach to link the Amazon Rainforest Area and the Tibetan Plateau, and show that current snow cover loss on the Tibetan Plateau is an early warning signal for an approaching tipping point.

Trees in harsh environments exhibit higher longevity globally, particularly arid-adaptive gymnosperms whose extended longevity is linked to slow growth rates and high drought resilience, as revealed by 219,000 tree-ring width records from 4880 sites.

The authors find a significant increase in daily maximum temperature warming rates, while daily minimum temperatures remain stable over land in recent decades. This may be due to reduced cloud cover, leading to increased incoming solar radiation.

Reconstructed Arctic amplification shows a significant downward trend over the past millennium which can to a large part be explained by the strength of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and recent anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing.

Wind speeds have reduced globally over land since the 1980s. In situ data show that this reversed around 2010, with natural ocean–atmosphere variability thought to drive the wind speed changes, as well as a 17% increase in potential wind energy for 2010–2017 and a boosted wind power capacity factor.

The authors reveal complex drought recovery responses to phenology shifts, in that early spring can shorten or lengthen recovery, while delayed spring following drought events delays it. These effects suggest a need to incorporate phenology aspects into resilience models.

Arid regions are projected to expand in the future. An ensemble of climate model simulations reveals that limiting anthropogenic warming to 1.5 °C instead of 2 °C can markedly reduce the area undergoing, and thus the population exposed to, aridification.

Global in situ observations show greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands are lowest when the water table is near the surface, and therefore rewetting wetlands could substantially reduce future emissions.

The clinical application of inhibitors targeting checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is challenged by limited efficacy. Here, the authors identify that thioredoxin (Trx) system inhibition mediates sensitivity to CHK1 inhibitor via regulating the activity of ribonucleotide reductase, demonstrating the synergistic effect of CHK1 inhibitor and inhibitors targeting Trx system in lung cancer models.

Deforestation causes elevation-dependent warming over tropical mountain regions, according to high-resolution climate simulations.

Understanding the impact of future climate variations and urban densification is key to planning renewable energy integration. By developing a multi-scale spatio-temporal modelling framework, Perera et al. reveal changes in wind speed and temperature across European cities.

Wildfires intensify in central but weaken in eastern Siberia when midsummer precipitation is above normal in western Tibet and below normal in the east, leading to a northward shift of the jet stream, based on climate reanalysis data and numerical model experiments

South Asian black carbon’s pairing activities (direct and indirect effects) are driving glacial mass decline of the so-called “Water Tower of Asia” with the potential to threaten future water resources for the countries that rely upon its source.

El Niño events in the Central Pacific may be changing due to climate change, but long records to support this are lacking. Here, the authors present sea surface temperature reconstructions from tree cellulose for the last 800 years which suggest the variability of Central Pacific El Niño events has increased.

In this study, it is suggested that the daily PM₁₀ level in East Asia is remotely controlled by the convection over the equatorial Indian Ocean and western Pacific. This tropical modulation explains up to 15% of daily PM₁₀ variability in the region.

In a symmetric molecule with identical functional groups, selective activation of only one site is challenging. Here, the authors show that 4,4″-diamino-p-terphenyl adsorbs asymmetrically to a metal surface, leading to a change in binding affinity of one of its amine groups.

The unprecedented intensity of the 2023 Canadian wildfires was primarily driven by persistent summer warming, reduced precipitation and soil moisture due to increased persistence and frequency of North American blocking events linked to oceanic anomalies, according to an analysis of climate data, ocean-atmosphere interactions, and seasonal hydrological conditions.

South Asian black carbon emissions have significantly accelerated glacier mass loss on the southern Tibetan Plateau, primarily through albedo-driven melt and precipitation reduction, resulting in a 33.7% decline in solid water storage, according to a systematic assessment of radiative and hydrological impacts from 2007 to 2016.

The development of hydropower offers a renewable energy source that can help reduce society’s dependence on fossil fuels. A global assessment of the unused profitable hydropower potential can be performed by incorporating strict constraints to identify hydropower station locations with reduced environmental and societal impacts.

Climate change will induce not just a change in average temperature but higher frequency of extreme weather events, whose impacts are hard to quantify. Perera et al. quantify the impacts of climate induced extreme and regular weather variations on energy systems determining requirements for system reliability.

Solutions that can support multiple sustainability goals related to clean energy, and resource use efficiency, will be crucial in the near future. The study estimates the potential of floating solar panels on reservoirs globally to generate renewable energy, reduce water losses and conserve land.

Impacts of irrigation and deforestation in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin are contrasting for soil moisture, groundwater, and other water variables causing complex runoff changes, according to analysis of modelling with river gauge and satellite data.