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Combining conjugation and structural analyses, the authors show that TraN-OMP pairings determine bacterial conjugation species specificity, with implications in resistance plasmid distribution within Enterobacteriaceae.

It remains elusive whether the T cell repertoire will cover all point mutations of a major epitope. The authors here show that COVID vaccine–induced CD8⁺ T cells detect most YLQ peptide variants except R5, but naïve T cells fill this gap by responding to R5 despite abundant WT-specific cells, ensuring broad coverage to prevent viral immune-escape.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Type IV secretion systems span the two membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, with three proteins —— VirB7, VirB9 and VirB10 — assembled into a 1.05 megadalton core spanning the inner and outer membranes. Here, the crystal structure of an outer-membrane complex is presented. The structure is the largest determined for an outer-membrane channel and is unprecedented in being composed of three proteins.

Seasonal metabolomics revealed that taurine increases during low malaria transmission and is linked to asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

The tolerogenic activity of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) is determined by EPOR, which is preferentially expressed in cDC1s and induces antigen-specific FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells.

Mapping of the neutrophil compartment using single-cell transcriptional data from multiple physiological and patological states reveals its organizational architecture and how cell state dynamics and trajectories vary during health, inflammation and cancer.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Wei et al. perform spatial transcriptomic profiling on synovial tissue biopsy samples from individuals with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis, finding TGFβ signaling and fibrogenic fibroblast activation drive a treatment-refractory tissue phenotype.

A newly engineered phosphoserine synthetase/tRNA pair allows quantitative insertion of phosphoserine or, when coupled with metabolic rewiring, a non-hydrolyzable analog into protein sequences, leading to high yields of modified constructs for functional analysis.

De novo and inherited dominant variants in genes encoding U4 and U6 small nuclear RNAs are identified in individuals with retinitis pigmentosa. The variants cluster at nucleotide positions distinct from those implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.

This study reports that de novo germline missense variants in SF3B1, distinct from the somatic variants frequently observed in cancer, cause a neurodevelopmental disorder and disrupt global RNA splicing.

3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3HP) is a top Department of Energy value-added chemical and precursor to bioplastics, yet cost-effective microbial bioproduction remains elusive. Here the authors establish efficient 3HP production in an acid tolerant yeast and validate its financially viability.

Provencio and colleagues reported the exploratory efficacy outcomes and safety results from the CheckMate 77T phase 3 trial in patients with stage III resectable non-small-cell lung cancer.

Including data from 1,047 patients across 19 inflammatory diseases, a new atlas presents a comprehensive model of inflammation in circulating immune cells.

Electrochemical conversion of CO₂ and nitrite offers a green route to produce urea. Here, the authors report co-sputtered copper cobalt catalysts enable efficient C–N coupling through a tandem mechanism, yielding 61 mmol h^⁻1gcat^⁻1 urea at –1.2 V vs. RHE.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Phytoplankton are important primary producers. Here the authors investigate phytoplankton physiological changes associated with bloom phases and mixing regimes in the North Atlantic, finding that stratification and deep mixing shape accumulation rates by altering physiology and viral production.

Identification of the peptide that generates each acquired tandem mass spectrum is a fundamental challenge in mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Here, the authors present Casanovo, a machine learning model that translates the sequence of peaks in a tandem mass spectrum into the sequence of amino acids that comprise the generating peptide.

In this multicenter phase 1 trial of patients with advanced solid tumors resistant to anti-PD-1 therapy, treatment with the anti-latent TGFβ1 antibody linavonkibart with or without pembrolizumab was safe, and encouraging clinical response rates were associated with T cell infiltration and immune activation.

Wastewater-based surveillance tends to focus on specific pathogens. Here, the authors mapped the wastewater virome from 62 cities worldwide to identify over 2,500 viruses, revealing city-specific virome fingerprints and showing that wastewater metagenomics enables early detection of emerging viruses.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

The main protease, a key enzyme of SARS-CoV-2, can protect itself from oxidative damage. Here, Reinke, Schubert, and colleagues used XFEL radiation to image the enzyme, revealing the disulfide and NOS/SONOS bonds that form in response to oxygen.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

Trends in global H₂ sources and sinks are analysed from 1990 to 2020, and a comprehensive budget for the decade 2010–2020 is presented.

Here, the authors report that schizophrenia risk variants mapping to a striatal dopamine-related gene set are associated with increased striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and increased striatal activity during reward anticipation in humans.

DNA origami enables precise nanoscale self-assembly. Authors here show how programmable control of interactions and binding angles yields curved surfaces of diverse geometries, broadening the design space for synthetic nanostructures.

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants resistant to neutralizing antibodies poses a constant threat. Here, the authors identify a camelid antibody targeting ACE2 which broadly inhibits infection and provides antiviral protective effects in vivo after nasal inoculation.

Laser-induced conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, which detects electrons emitted by ²²⁹Th nuclei in a thin ThO₂ sample excited by vacuum ultraviolet light, is demonstrated, opening the possibility of a conversion-electron-based nuclear clock.

Geospatial estimates of the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age across 82 low-income and middle-income countries reveals considerable heterogeneity and inequality at national and subnational levels, with few countries on track to meet the WHO Global Nutrition Targets by 2030.

Species’ traits and environmental conditions determine the abundance of tree species across the globe. Here, the authors find that dominant tree species are taller and have softer wood compared to rare species and that these trait differences are more strongly associated with temperature than water availability.

Systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study reported that, despite global improvements from 1990 to 2021, dietary iron deficiency-associated disease burden remains high in women, children and residents in low socio-demographic index countries.