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Ranek et al. developed a computational method that analyzes proteomic imaging and detects differentially enriched cellular niches, including low-prevalence niches. They applied this tool to inform therapy response in triple-negative breast cancer.

Greenwald, Nederlof and colleagues developed a computational pipeline analyzing multiplex imaging data and established spatial patterns within breast cancer microenvironment that are predictive of immune checkpoint blockade response across treatment time course.

Engineered mucus-tethering bispecific nanobodies neutralize and entrap viruses to enhance mucosal immunity, preventing influenza infection and limiting SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Newly developed mouse models that enable cell-specific analyses of proteostasis dynamics across the lifespan of the mice reveal key aspects of neuronal proteostasis with ageing.

In a randomized controlled trial that included 97 participants, 69% patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) allocated to a fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) achieved clinical response, and over 60% reached remission, outperforming the control group. The FMD also reduced markers of intestinal inflammation, suggesting this dietary intervention could serve as adjunctive treatment for CD.

MedHELM, an extensible evaluation framework including a new taxonomy for classifying medical tasks and a benchmark of many datasets across these categories, enables the evaluation of large language models on real-world clinical tasks.

Risk associated with genetically defined forms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can propagate by means of transcriptional regulation to affect convergently dysregulated pathways, providing insight into the convergent impact of ASD genetic risk on human neurodevelopment.

A CRISPR screen reveals that loss of structural components of the SAGA complex derails hematopoiesis by decoupling epigenetic control. This halts stem cell maturation, triggers a pathogenic interferon program and boosts human MDS-L cell growth.

In a randomized controlled study at ICLR 2025, Thakkar et al. demonstrate that large language model-generated feedback can make reviews more informative while enhancing reviewer–author engagement.

De novo Calcineurin (CN) variants cause DEE91, with E282K being the most common. E282K alters CN’s acidic substrate binding pocket to basic, thus shifting substrate preference and dephosphorylation signaling, subsequently impacting neurodevelopment.

The formation of exciton crystals is challenging because excitons possess short lifetimes and exhibit weaker interactions than electrons. Now, an exciton Wigner crystal is observed in a moiré electron–hole bilayer.

Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have limited therapeutic options. Here the authors show that functionally impaired NK cells contribute to immune escape of pre-malignant clones in early stage MDS and that NK adoptive cell therapy can be considered to prevent or delay the development of MDS.

The APOE-ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not deterministic. Here, the authors show that common genetic variation changes how APOE-ε4 influences cognition.

The tolerogenic activity of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s) is determined by EPOR, which is preferentially expressed in cDC1s and induces antigen-specific FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells.

Understanding the organism-wide molecular effects of spaceflight becomes increasingly critical as space exploration accelerates. Here, the authors show that miRNAs mediate microgravity-induced adaptations via extracellular matrix, DNA damage and developmental pathways, as shown by small RNA profiling in 13 organs of mice during and after spaceflight.

Given rising diabetes prevalence globally, access to diabetes treatments is gaining urgency. Here, the authors show patterns of glucose-lowering medication use for diabetes across 62 low- and middle-income countries.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

Examples of materials with non-trivial band topology in the presence of strong electron correlations are rare. Now it is shown that quantum fluctuations near a quantum phase transition can promote topological phases in a heavy-fermion compound.

Donahue et al. show that ageing is associated with changes in ER morphology. ER-phagy drives age-associated ER remodelling through tissue-specific factors.

GaitDynamics is a generative foundation model for accurately and efficiently estimating the motion and forces of human gaits from kinematic data, which will have impacts in injury prevention, therapies and performance coaching.

How aperiodic 1/f noise drives ripple activity in human brain and impacts on ripple detections is not fully understood. Here authors show that ripple detections should be driven by the 1/f noise, which indexes different brain states and cognitive demands.

The ratio between the levels of two synaptic proteins in cerebrospinal fluid predicts future cognitive resilience versus decline among presymptomatic individuals and individuals with early Alzheimer’s disease harboring amyloid and tau pathology.

An integrated optical parametric amplifier on thin-film lithium niobate achieves more than 17 dB gain with less than 200 mW input power.

Here the authors spatially map tuberculosis granulomas from nonhuman primates to link structure and immune organization with bacterial control. They find that a conserved hypoxic myeloid core is associated with dysfunctional immunity, restricted lymphocyte access and increased bacterial burden.

Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

Inspired by dynamic textural modulation in cephalopod skin, polymer films whose colour and surface texture can be dynamically and independently controlled are developed and demonstrated using standard electron-beam patterning tools.

Together with a companion paper, the generation of a transcriptomic atlas for the mouse lemur and analyses of example cell types establish this animal as a molecularly tractable primate model organism.

How white matter develops along the length of major tracts in humans remains unknown. Here, the authors identify fundamental patterns of human white matter development along distinct axes that reflect brain organization.

Combining nonlinear optical processes and photoswitching is a challenging goal, driven by significant application potential. Here, the authors report a strategy combining T-type negative photoswitches and two-photon absorption for a four-photon-like fluorescence response.

Malaria parasites specifically target red blood cells for invasion. Here, the authors investigate how Plasmodium falciparum exploits host CD44, showing that CD44 crosslinking promotes invasion in two ways: by altering the cell membrane to enhance critical ligand-receptor interactions, and by regulating signaling internally to the host cell cytoskeleton.

The authors report an integrated triply-resonant superconducting electro-optic transducer combining a 107 GHz NbTiN resonator with a thin-film lithium niobate optical racetrack at telecom wavelengths. Achieving η_OE ≈ 0.82 × 10⁻⁶ and g₀/2π ≈ 0.7 kHz, this work analyzes mm-wave resonator design challenges and proposes strategies for improved quantum transduction.

Cell type labelling in single-cell datasets remains a major bottleneck. Here, the authors present AnnDictionary, an open-source toolkit that enables atlas-scale analysis and provides the first benchmark of LLMs for de novo cell type annotation from marker genes, showing high accuracy at low cost.

Majzner and colleagues show that engineering T cells with a membrane-tethered version of the signaling adaptor molecule SLP-76 alongside a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) enhances CAR T cell activity against low-antigen-density tumors.

Selecting for varieties of commercial crops with enhanced nutritional quality is important in agriculture. Here, the authors identify alleles of a gene in tomatoes that give rise to increased levels of vitamin E and find that the promoter of the gene is differentially methylated.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Georgiadis and colleagues conduct micron-resolution fibre mapping on multiple histological tissue sections. Their light-scattering technique works across different sample preparations and tissue types, including formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain sections.

In an integrated analysis of transcriptomic data from the SUBSPACE consortium and public datasets of patients with sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, trauma and burns, dysregulation within four consensus molecular clusters related to myeloid and lymphoid cells is associated with mortality and illness severity.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Together with an accompanying paper presenting a transcriptomic atlas of the mouse lemur, interrogation of the atlas provides a rich body of data to support the use of the organism as a model for primate biology and health.

Using 63 globally distributed grassland and shrubland sites from the International Drought Experiment, this study identified plant traits linked to drought resistance after 1 year of extreme drought across growth forms, lifespans and climate.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

The famous nebula Barnard 68 has been used as a giant cosmic-ray detector: cosmic-ray-excited vibrational H₂ emission has been observed by JWST, giving a direct measurement of the CR ionization rate.

Here, the authors create a high-quality-factor chiral metasurface that enables record-high room-temperature valley-selective emission in MoSe₂ monolayers, independent of excitation polarization.

High-density multimodal soft bioelectronic fibres provide a platform for minimally invasive implantable electronics, where diverse sensing and stimulation functionalities can be effectively integrated.

From the blood immunome of 1,001 individuals aged 8–96 years, the authors used deep learning to develop an inflammatory clock of aging (iAge) that tracks with multimorbidity, immunosenescence, frailty and cardiovascular aging, and is also associated with exceptional longevity in centenarians. The main contributor to iAge is the chemokine CXCL9, which is shown to control endothelial cell senescence and function.

The phase 2/3 DEVOTE trial demonstrated that high-dose nusinersen significantly improved motor function and was safe in patients with spinal muscular atrophy, compared with a matched sham control.

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are among leading candidates for solid-state qubit implementation. Here, with scanning tunneling microscopy, the authors image and manipulate the charge-state of NV centers at the atomic-scale for the first time.