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Predicting traffic crashes and outcomes is challenging due to the diverse and complex nature of the data involved. Here, authors develop a framework that fine-tunes large language models on crash data to predict outcomes and identify high-risk scenarios.

In this study, the authors report the CoVerage tool (www.sarscoverage.org) for viral genomic surveillance and show that it predicted SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern, of Interest and under Monitoring together with their antigenic and evolutionary alterations almost three months prior to their WHO designation.

Striatal dopamine signaling accelerates reinforcement learning while also boosting reliance on working memory and making working memory less effortful as revealed in this pharmaco-PET study of healthy young adults.

This study reveals how cardiolipin governs mitochondrial morphology by modulating the activity of human OPA1 and how its replacement by monolyso-cardiolipin, as observed in Barth syndrome, impacts mitochondrial membrane-shaping mechanisms.

Protein complexes are essential for cell function. Here, authors show that paired ribosomes can help each other’s nascent chains fold correctly, enabling proper dimer assembly and preventing misfolding, using lamin as a model system.

Here the authors apply machine learning approaches to Alzheimer’s genetics, confirm known associations and suggest novel risk loci. These methods demonstrate predictive power comparable to traditional approaches, while also offering potential new insights beyond standard genetic analyses.

Pathology-oriented multiplexing (PathoPlex) represents a framework for widespread access to multiplexed imaging and computational image analysis of clinical specimens at a relatively high throughput and subcellular resolution.

STAARpipeline is a comprehensive framework for flexible and scalable rare-variant association analysis using whole-genome sequencing data and annotation information.

A study describes the assembly and analysis of a haplotype-resolved pangenome of bulbous barley with the potential to improve domesticated barley and illustrates its use in evolutionary research and trait mapping.

This study integrates ribosome profiling, single molecule methods and computational predictions to reveal that molecular chaperones bind ‘unsatisfied’ residues exposed on partial nascent folds, rationalizing how their activities generate a robust co-translational protein folding network.

Hippocampal replay is thought to be essential for the consolidation of event memories. Sleep replay involves the reactivation of stored representations in the absence of specific sensory inputs, whereas awake replay is thought to reflect input from the current environment. Here the authors find that the hippocampus consistently replays past experiences during brief pauses in waking behavior, suggesting a role for waking replay in memory consolidation and retrieval.

Stratified medicine promises to tailor treatment for individual patients, however it remains a major challenge to leverage genetic risk data to aid patient stratification. Here the authors introduce an approach to stratify individuals based on the aggregated impact of their genetic risk factor profiles on tissue-specific gene expression levels, and highlight its ability to identify biologically meaningful and clinically actionable patient subgroups, supporting the notion of different patient ‘biotypes’ characterized by partially distinct disease mechanisms.

This cross-sectional study in two independent middle-aged and aged cohorts investigates whether psychological characteristics associated with varying dementia risk aggregate into psychological profiles and relate to aging brain health.

A phase 2a trial of LM11A-31 in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease suggests that p75^NTR modulation is safe and attenuates measures of degeneration.

Kohio et al. map HIV-1 integration sites across multiple tissues from early infections. The results identify brain-specific patterns and tissue-dependent preferences that may influence HIV persistence and disease risk.

Using multi-ancestry genome-wide association study and fine-mapping, 298 loci and 36 credible genes are identified in the aetiology of bipolar disorder.

Understanding nanoparticle catalysis is limited by complex structure–activity links. This study reveals that Pt corner sites on 1–1.5 nm particles drive activity via electronic effects, offering a rare quantitative insight into water gas shift catalytic performance.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide analyses identify 95 loci associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and implicate candidate genes, pathways and neurobiological systems underlying its pathophysiology.

GIANT, a genetically informed brain atlas, integrates genetic heritability with neuroanatomy. It shows strong neuroanatomical validity and surpasses traditional atlases in discovery power for brain imaging genomics.

Understanding protein dynamics is a complex scientific challenge. Here, authors construct coarse-grained molecular potentials using artificial neural networks, significantly accelerating protein dynamics simulations while preserving their thermodynamics.

Experiments in rats show that spatial representations in the hippocampus are closely coordinated with the forelimb stepping cycle, particularly when spatial decisions are approaching, and provide insight into how this synchronization supports information processing.

A genome-wide association study including over 76,000 individuals with schizophrenia and over 243,000 control individuals identifies common variant associations at 287 genomic loci, and further fine-mapping analyses highlight the importance of genes involved in synaptic processes.

Deep phenotyping of responses to carbohydrate meals and mitigators revealed interindividual differences in postprandial glycemic responses that reflect underlying metabolic physiology, such as insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction.

Large 3D electron microscopy data sets frequently contain noisy data due to accelerated imaging, and denoising techniques require specialised skill sets. Here the authors introduce DenoisEM, an ImageJ plugin that democratises denoising EM data sets, enabling fast parameter tuning and processing through parallel computing.

Equivariant neural networks are state-of-the-art for machine learning-driven molecular dynamics (MD) simulations but have high computational cost. Here, the authors develop a Euclidean transformer that balances accuracy, stability, and speed, enabling stable long-timescale simulations of complex molecules

In this study, the authors report that post-vaccination neutralizing and binding antibody levels in the ENSEMBLE trial associate with Ad26.COV2.S vaccine efficacy (VE) against severe-critical COVID-19, with substantial VE even at unquantifiable neutralizing antibody titer.

It is known that exercise influences many human traits, but not which tissues and genes are most important. This study connects transcriptome data collected across 15 tissues during exercise training in rats as part of the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium with human data to identify traits with similar tissue specific gene expression signatures to exercise.

Hernias involve protrusion of an organ or tissue through its surrounding cavity. Here the authors carry out GWAS for five types of hernia and find 81 variants, most of which are associated with inguinal hernia; downstream analysis suggests an important role for connective tissue morphology.

Similarities in cancers can be studied to interrogate their etiology. Here, the authors use genome-wide association study summary statistics from six cancer types based on 296,215 cases and 301,319 controls of European ancestry, showing that solid tumours arising from different tissues share a degree of common germline genetic basis.

Inbreeding depression has been observed in many different species, but in humans a systematic analysis has been difficult so far. Here, analysing more than 1.3 million individuals, the authors show that a genomic inbreeding coefficient (FROH) is associated with disadvantageous outcomes in 32 out of 100 traits tested.

Large genome-wide meta-analysis of clinically diagnosed late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) from 94,437 individuals identifies new LOAD risk loci and implicates Aβ formation, tau protein binding, immune response and lipid metabolism.

A photonic computing platform using chaotic light for probabilistic arithmetic enables ultrafast, parallel processing. The system predicts classification and uncertainty simultaneously. The optical architecture allows efficient distribution evaluations at each output in a single time step.

Different from GWAS for susceptibility to disease, GWAS for prognosis or survival may be vulnerable to selection bias. Here, Dudbridge et al present an approach to reduce index event bias in simulated and realistic situations, and apply it to GWAS of survival with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and Crohn’s disease prognosis.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is emerging as a potential treatment for several chronic diseases. Here, the authors describe a VNS method using intermittent interferential current stimulation (i²CS) that allows precise control of organ-specific fiber activation in swine.

Photochemical nitrene transfer offers a green avenue for heterocyclic syntheses. Here, the authors developed a metal-free, visible light-mediated cascade reaction for the preparation of azepinone derivatives.

Space division multiplexing solutions are one way to increase future fiber information capacity. Here, the authors show peta-bit/s transmission in a standard-diameter, multimode fiber enabled by combining several practical multiplexing technologies.

This study provides causal evidence demonstrating that consuming a high flavanol diet improves dentate gyrus function and dentate gyrus–dependent cognitive functions in aged humans.

A genome-wide association study of age at onset of walking in over 70,000 infants found 11 significant loci. Age at onset of walking showed SNP heritability of 24%, a reliable polygenic score and genetic overlap with ADHD and brain phenotypes.

New treatments for cocaine use disorder (CocUD) require an understanding of the underlying neurobiology. Here, the authors show opposing effects of ZEB1 in CocUD and highlight disrupted synaptic signaling and phosphodiesterase inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets.

A type Ia supernova shows the presence of helium-rich circumstellar material, as demonstrated by its spectral features, infrared emission and a radio counterpart, that probably originates from a single-degenerate system in which a white dwarf accretes material from a helium donor star.

Better analytical methods are needed to extract biological meaning from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of psychiatric disorders. Here the authors take GWAS data from over 60,000 subjects, including patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression, and identify common etiological pathways shared amongst them.

Hundreds of genetic loci associated with age at menopause, combined with experimental evidence in mice, highlight mechanisms of reproductive ageing across the lifespan.

Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to combat antimicrobial resistance. Here, Munk et al. analyse ARGs in hundreds of sewage samples from 101 countries and describe regional patterns, diverse genetic environments of common ARGs, and ARG-specific transmission patterns.