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Hiʻiaka is the largest moon of the distant dwarf planet Haumea. Here, the authors report the first multi-chord stellar occultations of Hiʻiaka, revealing its size, shape, and density, suggesting an origin from Haumea’s icy mantle.

Aadvanced computer simulations of three-dimensional turbulence reveal that the ab initio generation of large-scale magnetic fields is driven by shear-flow-induced jets; an analytical model is derived which reproduces the essential features of the flow- and field-generation mechanisms.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Many tumours exhibit hypoxia (low oxygen) and hypoxic tumours often respond poorly to therapy. Here, the authors quantify hypoxia in 1188 tumours from 27 cancer types, showing elevated hypoxia links to increased mutational load, directing evolutionary trajectories.

The authors employ a 3D printing technique to induce a triple-twinned martensitic microstructure in a commercial titanium alloy, achieving both high strength and enhanced strain hardening.

Longitudinal population-based surveillance identifies shifts in HIV transmission patterns related to age and sex, suggesting that HIV programmes to increase HIV suppression in men are crucial to reduce incidence in women.

Bees provide important pollination ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes, but the extent to which they are affected by pesticide use on a continental scale has yet to be explored. This study evaluates the impact of pesticide use on wild bee populations across the contiguous United States.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

This study presents a scalable reinforcement learning framework that accelerates the discovery of bioactive peptides by efficiently screening vast peptide libraries with demonstrated activity towards breast cancer.

An assessment of ice-dam failures in six mountain regions shows that extreme peak flows and volumes have declined sharply since 1900, and that ice-dam floods today originate at higher elevations and earlier in the year.

A study of the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in England between September 2020 and June 2021 finds that interventions capable of containing previous variants were insufficient to stop the more transmissible Alpha and Delta variants.

Biodiversity–productivity relationships in natural ecosystems are highly variable, although positive relationships are most common. Here, using HerbDivNet data, the authors show that biodiversity stabilizes rather than increases plant productivity in natural grasslands at the global scale.

Analyses of the relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits across the tundra and over time show that community height increased with warming across all sites, whereas other traits lagged behind predicted rates of change.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

Cancers evolve as they progress under differing selective pressures. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, the authors present the method TrackSig the estimates evolutionary trajectories of somatic mutational processes from single bulk tumour data.

The nervous system is hypothesized to calculate reward prediction errors to estimate reward availability in the environment. The authors quantify a robust prediction error signal in the ventral pallidum derived from recently received rewarding outcomes.

Many bacteria use the second messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) to control motility, biofilm production and virulence. Here, the authors identify a thermosensitive enzyme that synthesizes c-di-GMP and modulates temperature-dependent motility, biofilm development and virulence in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

This work investigates changes in regularity of crop failure, heatwave and wildfire exposure for different future climate scenarios. Major shifts in dominant periods are observed when moving from pre-industrial to current climate conditions.

In the I-SPY2.2 trial, patients with high-risk stage 2/3 breast cancer received neoadjuvant datopotamab–deruxtecan, followed by sequential chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy, with the option of early surgical resection after each block of therapy. In a subgroup of patients, the sequential treatment strategy was superior to standard of care.

Fluorogenic RNA aptamers have been used for RNA imaging, but folding and fluorescence stability often limited their use in high resolution applications. Here the authors present an array of stably folding Mango II aptamers for imaging of coding and non-coding RNAs at single-molecule resolution, in both live and fixed cells.

Iniquitate quantifies the effects of cell type imbalance on single-cell RNA sequencing data integration.

The serial interval (time between symptom onset in an infector and infectee) is usually estimated from contact tracing data, but this is not always available. Here, the authors develop a method for estimation of serial intervals using whole genome sequencing data and apply it data from clusters of SARS-CoV-2 in Victoria, Australia.

HER2-targeted therapy improves patient’s outcome in early breast cancer. Here, the authors present the efficacy and biomarker analysis of two HER2-targeted combinations (ado-trastuzumab emtansine plus pertuzumab and paclitaxel, trastuzumab and pertuzumab) in the context of the neoadjuvant I-SPY2 phase 2 adaptive platform trial for early breast cancer at high risk of recurrence.

In the I-SPY2.2 trial, patients with high-risk stage 2/3 breast cancer received neoadjuvant datopotamab–deruxtecan plus durvalumab, followed by sequential chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy, with the option of early surgical resection after each block of therapy, showing that de-escalation of therapy is possible for several patient subgroups without compromising outcome and avoiding toxicity of standard chemotherapy.

By quantifying changes in lake area before glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) worldwide from 1990 to 2023, this study shows that despite the overall growth in total lake area and hazard potential, pre-GLOF lake areas barely changed or even decreased regionally and are dependent on a decreasing number of ice-dammed lakes.

A high-resolution, global atlas of mortality of children under five years of age between 2000 and 2017 highlights subnational geographical inequalities in the distribution, rates and absolute counts of child deaths by age.

Shifts in species’ migration timing as a result of climate change can result in mismatched temporal overlap with their critical resources. Here the authors show that the magnitude and direction of shifts in juvenile Pacific salmon migration timing vary among species and populations, resulting in variable mismatch with marine productivity, which has implications for climate change vulnerability.

Photoreceptor outer segment abnormalities cause retinitis pigmentosa, a form of blindness. Here, authors show that the disease-associated gene RPGR regulates actin-mediated outer segment turnover through its interaction with the actin severer, cofilin.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

‘A supergene that underlies variation in male mating phenotypes has consequences for female reproduction. Here, the authors use evolutionary models to show that the rarest variant of this supergene is maintained by disproportionally high male reproductive success.’

Protection of the endothelial glycocalyx in vascular allografts via the enzymatic ligation of immunosuppressive glycopolymers prevents allograft rejection after transplantation in the absence of systemic immunosuppression.

Sea otters recolonizing an estuary in California indirectly reduce erosion by reducing burrowing crab abundance, suggesting that restoring predators could be a key mechanism to improve the stability of coastal wetlands and other ecosystems.

The average body size of salmon has declined rapidly over recent decades. Here the authors quantify changes in body size distributions for Pacific salmon in Alaska and examine the causes and consequences of size declines for ecosystems, food security, and commercial fisheries.

Here, Ratmann et al. show how viral deep sequencing data can be used to reconstruct HIV-1 transmission networks and to infer the direction of transmission in these networks.

The mechanism for exciton-polariton condensation in the presence of an incoherent reservoir has been long debated. Here the authors demonstrate the role of the spatial hole burning in condensation of long‐lived exciton polaritons by imaging the condensates in a single-shot excitation regime.

A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of type 2 diabetes (T2D) identifies more than 600 T2D-associated loci; integrating physiological trait and single-cell chromatin accessibility data at these loci sheds light on heterogeneity within the T2D phenotype.

Hunter Fraser and colleagues generate atlases of imprinted gene expression across many mouse and human tissues. They find that imprinted genes are enriched for co-expression in pairs of maternally and paternally expressed genes, consistent with an evolutionary signature of parental conflict.

The successful laser cooling of trapped antihydrogen, the antimatter atom formed by an antiproton and a positron (anti-electron), is reported.

Stimuli-responsive emulsions are useful for long-term storage combined with controlled release, but the fundamental mechanism behind this release is not established. Here, the authors report a study into the effect of individual microgel morphology on the destabilisation of responsive emulsions.

Genome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in ancestrally diverse populations implicate candidate causal genes and mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes. Trans-ancestry genetic risk scores enhance transferability across populations.

Precision measurements of the 1S–2P transition in antihydrogen that take into account the standard Zeeman and hyperfine effects confirm the predictions of quantum electrodynamics.

Two types of on-chip silicon device utilizing silicon T centres are developed: an O-band light-emitting diode and an electrically triggered single-photon source. Further, a new method of spin initialization with electrical excitation is demonstrated.

Understanding the microscopic variability of CMOS spin qubits is crucial for developing scalable quantum processors. Here the authors report a combined experimental and numerical study of the effect of interface roughness on variability of quantum dot spin qubits formed at the Si/SiO₂ interface.

Accessory loci are shown to have similar frequencies in diverse Streptococcus pneumoniae populations, suggesting negative frequency-dependent selection drives post-vaccination population restructuring.

Analysis of diet and body size in terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates shows that a U-shaped relationship between body size and trophic guild prevails across extant vertebrates with the exception of marine mammals and seabirds. Analysis of fossil data shows that, for terrestrial mammals, this pattern has persisted for at least 66 million years, despite anthropogenic perturbance, which may have greater effects in the next centuries.