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xTrimo protein general language model (xTrimoPGLM) is a unified pretraining framework and foundation model designed for various protein-related tasks, including protein understanding and generation or design.

Arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological conditions. Using proteomics, the authors here profile the methylation substrates of PRMTs 4, 5 and 7 and characterize the roles of these enzymes in cancer-associated splicing regulation.

Thermal resistance at interfaces is a critical bottleneck for the thermal management of electronic devices. Here, authors report a high-performance liquid-infused nanostructured composite with thermal resistance under 1 mm² K W⁻¹ and reliability for advanced electronic cooling.

Tear secretion from lacrimal gland is essential for ocular health, but the regulatory role of sympathetic nervous system is unclear. The authors show that sympathetic activation suppresses lacrimal tear secretion and aggravates dry eye disease via NA–Adra1a–Ucp2 signaling.

Under low-protein conditions, decrease of protein NUFIP1 is found to impair DNA damage response and induce necroptosis in the intestine, thereby contributing to intestinal inflammation in male mice with inflammatory bowel disease.

Dendrimers are precisely structured macromolecules with unique architectural symmetry and multivalency, offering a promising solution to the delivery challenges of nucleic acid therapeutics. Here, we explore recent advances in dendrimer design that enable targeted delivery to hard-to-transfect cells and difficult-to-reach tissues.

Cross-ancestry and sex-stratified genome-wide association analyses for 21 amygdala volumetric traits in East Asian and European individuals provide insight into the genetic architectures of amygdala and subnucleus volumes.

Here, the authors perform a genome-wide association study of the ALPS-index, identifying 17 unique genome-wide significant loci, unraveling mechanisms of brain glymphatic activity and providing insight for its relation to neuropsychiatric phenotypes.

Clinically significant genetic variation in Asian populations is under-characterized. Here, the authors show the diversity in prevalence and spectrum of human disease and pharmacogenetic variants in a multi-ethnic Asian population.

Planar chiral [2,2]paracyclophanes (PCPs) are widely used in materials science and asymmetric syntheses. Here the authors present a cobalt-catalyzed desymmetric addition of pseudopara-diformyl and pseudo-gem-diformyl PCPs, enabling the synthesis of planar chiral PCP alcohols with both planar and central chiralities.

A high-κ dielectric ceramic, magnesium niobate, can be epitaxially grown on a mica substrate and then transferred to form the gate dielectric in molybdenum disulfide transistors, providing van der Waals interfaces and high robustness to temperature and voltage.

Organic fluorescent nanoparticles have potential biomaterials applications due to their low-toxicity and ‘green’ synthesis. Here, a series of self-assembled nanoparticles and polymers are synthesized with intense visible fluorescence stemming from chromophores of hydrogen-bonded monoacylglycerol clusters.

Loss-of-function mutations in Myosin Binding Protein C3, MYBPC3, are the most common genetic cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Here, the authors present an AAV9-based gene therapy system with an optimized expression cassette with minimal promoter and cis-regulatory elements that can ameliorate cardiac functions and prolong survival in a murine MYBPC3-deficient model.

Understanding the development of subsolid nodules (SSNs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is important for their clinical management. Here, the authors perform proteogenomic analysis of 66 LUAD displayed as SSNs from 3 histological stages and highlight the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in progression.

UniPMT, a multitask learning model, is presented, which integrates three key biological relationships into a unified framework for accurate peptide–MHC–TCR binding prediction.

The targeted epigenetic repression of a β₂-microglobulin super-enhancer downregulates the expression of human leucocyte antigens on mesenchymal stromal cells, making the cells suitable for allogeneic cell therapy.

A strategy using engineered functional customized viral receptors enables the development of functional infection models for coronaviruses whose native cellular receptors are unknown.

Biocompatible afterglow materials have potential in imaging applications, but are challenging to prepare. Here the authors report the development of carbon nanodots with near-infrared afterglow, and demonstrate their use in imaging for tumour resection.

In this prespecified analysis of the ongoing TORCHLIGHT phase 3 trial, first-line treatment with toripalimab and nab-paclitaxel in patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer led to significantly longer progression-free survival in the PD-L1-positive population compared to nab-paclitaxel alone.

Achieving uniform coverage of interfacial layers in perovskite solar cells is challenging, especially over large areas. Li et al. present design guidelines to fabricate these layers with uniform morphology, suppressed defects and improved charge transport.

Cu₂Se is of interest for thermoelectrics as it is environmentally sustainable and has a high figure of merit ZT; however, copper ion migration impacts device stability. Here a co-doping strategy that combines steric and electrostatic effects is shown to improve device stability as well as improving ZT to 3.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

A meta-transcriptomic analysis of the viromes of 2,438 mosquitoes of 81 species from across China identifies geographic hotspots of mosquito virus diversity, links between mosquito virome composition and host phylogeny, and a suggestion of long-distance mosquito dispersal.

Structurally diverse natural products are a promising source of antibiotics. Here, the authors report the collective asymmetric total synthesis of polycyclic xanthene myrtucommulone D and five related congeners and discover a compound active against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a prevalent chronic liver disease, however, drugs to treat this disease are still lacking. Here, the authors show that PPDPF inhibits the development of hepatic steatosis by negatively regulating mTORC1-S6K-SREBP1 signaling, which provides a potential therapeutic candidate for NAFLD treatment.

Trade risks associated with fossil fuels and critical materials matter for energy security, and will evolve with the low-carbon transition. Here the researchers find that overall trade risks decrease for most countries in net-zero scenarios, although risks to electricity or transportation sectors may increase.

Efficient CO₂ electroreduction to C₂₊ products at high current densities remains a significant challenge. Here, the authors develop inherently hydrophobic and hierarchically porous Cu supraparticles with enhanced mass transfer and abundant C-C coupling sites for ampere-level CO₂-to-C₂₊ synthesis.

Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides have so far been thought to be direct bandgap semiconductors. Here, the authors revisit this assumption and find that unstrained monolayer WSe₂ is an indirect-gap material, as evidenced by the observed photoluminescence intensity-energy correlation.

Endothelialization of the left atrial appendage (LAA) occluder is vital in addressing device-related thrombosis. Here, the authors report LAA occluders integrated with drop-shaped microgrooves to guide unidirectional cell migration for enhanced endothelialization.

In fly, one-cycle aversive conditioning-induced choice bias decays in 24 h. Here, authors found the memory of one-cycle aversive conditioning remains in the brain, between KCab and MBON-a3, and is retrievable by a second mild retraining.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is involved in mammalian reproduction, but several studies have suggested a role of FSH and its receptor in extragonadal tissue. Here, the authors show that FSH orchestrates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) via its receptor on pancreatic β-cells, with pre-menopausal FSH levels dose-dependently promoting GSIS and postmenopausal FSH levels inhibiting this effect.

Rheumatoid arthritis patients respond differently to anti-TNF treatment. Using community-based challenge, the authors show that currently available data does not reveal meaningful genetic predictors of response to anti-TNF therapy, thus confirming clinical observations.

In liver cancer, the presence of tumour-initiating cell subsets are associated with poorer prognosis and chemotherapy resistance in liver cancer. Here, the authors show that upon treatment with 5-FU or cisplatin, this subset releases SPINK1 which binds EGFR, activating the ERK-CDK4/6-E2F2 signaling cascade and resulting in chemoresistance.

The existence of chemical medium-range order (CMRO) in high- and medium- entropy alloys remains conjectural. Here the authors show evidences of CMRO by electron diffraction spots of lattice periodicity, observable entities, occupancy of preferential species, and stable sizes upon deformation.

The mechanism underlying the dissemination of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is unclear. Here, the authors show that STAT3 controls amoeboid migration in DLBCL via the transcriptional activation of RHOH, which then releases RhoA from RhoGDIγ-mediated suppression, or via regulating microtubule dynamics to activate RhoA.

Brain metastases are a major reason for lung cancer mortality. Here, the authors modify lonidamine to target mitochondria, and show its therapeutic efficacy in inhibiting lung cancer brain metastasis by inducing autophagic cell death in cancer cells.

Dipterocarp trees are iconic but severely threatened species in Asian rainforests. This study assembles high-quality genomes of seven dipterocarp species to reveal the molecular basis of key adaptations and identifies a recent sharp population decline coinciding with local human activity.

Commercial complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor and resistive random-access memory technologies can be used to create multibit compute-in-memory circuits capable of fast and energy-efficient inference for use in small artificial intelligence edge devices.

Single-atom Fe–N–C catalysts are the most promising alternative to Pt-group metal catalysts for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells, but while the chemical environment of their active centres is well understood, their electronic structure remains elusive. Now, using molecular model catalysts, a high-spin trivalent FeN₄ site with an axial hydroxyl ligand is identified as the active site in Fe–N–C catalysts.

Prostate cancer is heterogenous in response to therapy. Here, the authors analyse genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and phosphoproteomics data from 145 prostate cancer patients to identify NANS as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer.

Urinary reporters leveraging caged bioorthogonal click handles for the biomarker-dependent activation of ‘clickability’ and renal clearance allow for the monitoring, in urine, of the efficacy of chemotherapy and of associated kidney injury in mice.

Determining the causal variants at GWAS loci is crucial for understanding genetic disease mechanisms. Here, the authors apply MPRA to perform non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) variant-to-function mapping at scale and propose distinct genetic architectures underlying NSCLC susceptibility.