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Chemical doping allows for boosting the conductivity in conjugated polymers but the relationship between doping and the polymers’ complex, multiscale morphology remains elusive. Here the authors report that supramolecular chirality, which up to now had not been considered a parameter relevant to doping, significantly boosts the underpinning redox reaction in conjugated polymer thin films.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Nickelate superconductors attract enormous attention in the field of high-temperature superconductivity. Here the authors report observation of perfect diamagnetism and interfacial effect on the electronic structures in infinite layer Nd_0.8Sr_0.2NiO₂ superconductors.

This study examines the impact of herbivorous insects on biogeochemical cycling within forests. From a global network of 74 plots within 40 mature, undisturbed broadleaved forests, they show that background levels of insect herbivory are sufficiently large to alter both ecosystem element cycling and influence terrestrial carbon cycling.

The presynaptic protein Munc13 forms nanoclusters at synaptic release sites, but its internal organization is unclear. Here, the authors show that two distinct ordered Munc13 oligomers couple synaptic vesicle docking and SNARE assembly to regulate neurotransmission

Grasslands tend to be limited by both nutrient and water availability. Here the authors use standardized field experiments to show that the effects of nutrient addition on grassland biomass may cancel out the negative impact of drought, but the outcome depends on aridity and other local conditions.

Long-range magnetic order of quasiparticle doped holes is important for understanding the physics of cuprate superconductors, albeit difficult to probe in experiments. Ong et al. observe ferromagnetism of quasiparticle doped holes in a cuprate heterostructure and discuss implications for cuprates in the ground state.

The Cancer Genome Atlas presents an integrative genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations in 279 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), which are classified by human papillomavirus (HPV) status; alterations in EGFR, FGFR, PIK3CA and cyclin-dependent kinases are shown to represent candidate targets for therapeutic intervention in most HNSCCs.

Trinucleotide-repeat-containing 18 (TNRC18), which has poorly understood functions, is now identified as an H3K9me3-specific reader that silences endogenous retroviruses.

In lung cancer, relatively few germline mutations are known to impact risk. Here the authors looked at rare variants in 39,146 individuals and find novel germline mutations associated with risk, as well as implicating ATM and a new candidate gene for lung cancer risk.

Near-infrared photoluminescence from carbon nanotubes makes it possible to optically image the vasculature in the brain directly through the skull.

Computational methods have made progress in improving classification accuracy and throughput of pathology workflows, but lack of interpretability remains a barrier to clinical integration. Here, the authors present an approach for predicting clinically-relevant molecular phenotypes from whole-slide histopathology images using human-interpretable image features.

The authors show that the lncRNA-derived microprotein SMIMP, which is shown to promote tumor formation, regulates cohesin core subunit binding to cis-regulatory elements and alters the expression of tumor-suppressive cell cycle regulators.

Recent clinical trials combining MEK inhibitors with anti-PD-L1 in solid tumours show moderate responses. Here, the authors demonstrate that the combination of MEK inhibition and PD-L1 blockade in KRAS mutant lung cancer models leads to a transient tumour regressions and resistance due to increased infiltration of Th17 cells and that the triple therapy targeting MEK, PD-L1 and IL-17 produced better in vivo responses.

Extensive genomic analyses of the chromatin architecture in acute myeloid leukaemia reveals several characteristics, including subtype-specific distal enhancers and silencers, that may represent new anticancer therapeutic targets.

The way in which metastatic tumour cells control endocytic vesicular trafficking networks to establish a front-rear polarity axis that facilitates motility remains unclear. Here, the authors show that the EMT activator ZEB1 influences vesicular trafficking dynamics to execute cell polarity change.

Tumor extracellular matrix has been associated with cancer progression, therapy resistance and immune suppression. Here, the authors show that collagen generates resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy by upregulating LAIR1 expression and downstream signaling, leading to increased CD8+ T cell exhaustion.

This paper describes molecular subtypes of cervical cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma clusters defined by HPV status and molecular features, and distinct molecular pathways that are activated in cervical carcinomas caused by different somatic alterations and HPV types.

Crystallization of a liquid usually starts at a solid surface — for instance, that of impurities or of a container's walls — and surface roughness is known to enhance crystal nucleation rates. It is now shown with polymer films patterned with spherical nanopores 15–120 nm in size that the shape of the pores can either enhance or hinder crystal nucleation.

In vivofluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window allows high resolution and tissue penetration. Here, using conjugated polymers, the authors achieve imaging with high spatial and time resolutions capable of resolving mouse femoral artery blood-flow variations within a single cardiac cycle.

A decadal-scale field trial revealed 1.01 Mg of rhizodeposit and necromass C was stored in soil microaggregate and mineral fractions per Mg biochar-C applied. Microspectroscopic analyses visualize mechanisms for this elevated soil C storage ceiling.

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive disease with limited therapeutic options. Here the authors perform an immunogenomic analysis of limited-stage SCLC, revealing a homogeneous mutational landscape, but limited T-cell infiltration and a cold and heterogeneous T cell repertoire.

The combination of radiotherapy and immune-checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has generated considerable excitement among oncologists, and numerous clinical trials are currently exploring the efficacy of this approach; however, the safety and tolerability of this combination remains incompletely understood. In this Review, the authors describe the available data on safety considerations in patients receiving radiotherapy in combination with ICI.

Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can be suppressed by the tumour, but how this occurs is not clear. Here the authors show that the miR-200 family, which suppresses epithelial–mesenchymal transition, also targets tumour cell PD-L1 and thereby intratumoral immunosuppression and metastasis.

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging >1,000 nm allows deep tissue imaging, but available organic dyes display poor brightness and temporal resolution. Here, the authors synthesize a NIR dye that, upon binding serum proteins, exhibits a 110-fold increase in intensity, giving an 11% quantum yield.

Yahara et al. show that yolk-sac macrophages, which are derived from erythromyeloid progenitors, produce neonatal osteoclasts that support bone homeostasis and repair and also provide long-lasting osteoclasts in adult bone.

A renally cleared, water-soluble dye emitting in the near-infrared-imaging (NIR)-II window outperforms a clinically approved NIR-I dye in the in vivo imaging of tumours and their nearby blood and lymphatic vasculatures.

Uncertainty in the future atmospheric burden of methane—a potent greenhouse gas—represents an important challenge to the development of realistic climate projections. Airborne observations of methane suggest that the remote Arctic Ocean could prove to be a potentially important methane source.

Structural analysis of HIF-2α in complex with agonists and antagonists reveal that chemical ligands regulate the activity of HIF-2α by affecting the stability of the HIF-2α–ARNT heterodimer via redirecting residues in the PAS-B pocket.

Proinflammatory and immunomodulatory events that drive development of K-ras mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are poorly understood. Here they develop a lung epithelial specific K-ras mutant/Stat3 conditional knockout mouse model and show a sex-specific role for epithelial Stat3 signaling in K-ras-mutant LUAD.

An integrated transcriptome, genome, methylome and proteome analysis of over 200 lung adenocarcinomas reveals high rates of somatic mutations, 18 statistically significantly mutated genes including RIT1 and MGA, splicing changes, and alterations in MAPK and PI(3)K pathway activity.

A microneedle patch that samples and quantifies target protein biomarkers in interstitial fluid allows for longitudinal monitoring of the levels of a range of disease-relevant biomarkers, as shown in live mice.

Mapping long-range chromatin interactions in 27 human cell/tissue types identifies candidate target genes of 70,329 putative regulatory elements. Further analysis suggests potential regulatory function for 27,325 noncoding variants associated with 2,117 traits and diseases.

Here, the authors discuss how structural racism underlies many of the health disparities that affect individuals from minority racial groups. They also examine how the use of race coefficients in estimated glomerular filtration rate equations might contribute to health inequities in Black patients with kidney disease.

The authors pooled resources to identify best practices and develop a new standardized protocol for estimating functional connectivity in rats with magnetic resonance imaging.

Christopher Amos and colleagues perform genome-wide association analysis for lung cancer using cohorts genotyped on the OncoArray and combing these with existing data. They identify 18 loci, 10 of which are new, finding heterogeneity across the different lung cancer subtypes, and explore candidate genes through eQTL analysis in lung tissue.

Membrane fusion is a complex biological process. In this protocol, asymmetric membranes derived from cultured cells or prepared synthetically, are suspended across micrometer -sized holes on a silicon chip to allow proteins to move freely in the bilayer.

A community computational challenge generates algorithms to predict activity of drug combinations.