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Astrocytes have gained increasing attention for their roles in regulating neural circuits via neurotransmitter uptake, K + buffering, and ability to signal via Ca^2 + transients. Here, the authors develop a computational modelling environment for astrocytes, akin to the NEURON environment, called ASTRO.

High-resolution STM/STS visualizes the fractionalization of flat moiré bands into discrete Hofstadter subbands in moiré graphene near the predicted second magic angle, and experimentally establishes several fundamental properties of the fractal Hofstadter energy spectrum.

Autophagy is initiated by the Unc-51-like kinase protein kinase complex (ULK1C) and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1). Here, the authors reveal the structure of the 2:1:1 core of ULK1C and its complex with PI3KC3-C1. ULK1C transitions to a 2:2:2 complex in the presence of PI3KC3-C1, suggesting a mechanism for autophagy induction.

Jin and coauthors show that Yes-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation is critical for VE-cadherin’s constitutive internalization and junctional pliability in endothelial cells, but it is not required for the induction of vascular leakage.

hnRNPA2 is involved in RNA metabolism and can form both functional amyloid-like fibrils in membraneless organelles, and pathogenic fibrils in neurodegenerative conditions. Here, the authors present the cryo-EM fibril structure of the wild-type hnRNPA2 low-complexity domain (LCD) and the crystal structure of a LCD segment with the disease causing D290V variant and discuss how mutations can transform fibril structure from a functional to a pathogenic form.

More transparent protocol reporting and comprehensive battery cell data are needed. Twenty-one research groups joined forces to assess solid-state battery performance and found considerable differences in assembly protocols that cause variable results.

The DVB neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans shows male-specific morphological plasticity that is controlled by neurexin and influences mating behaviour.

Super-enhancers are regions of genomic DNA comprised of multiple putative enhancers that contribute to dynamic gene expression patterns during development. Here the authors identify a modular super-enhancer in murine retinal development and show that distinct modules are responsible for retinal progenitor cell proliferation during early and bipolar neuron genesis during late retinal development.

A newly designed control architecture uses deep reinforcement learning to learn to command the coils of a tokamak, and successfully stabilizes a wide variety of fusion plasma configurations.

Obesity induces insulin resistance and impairs insulin signaling, causing diabetes. Here, the authors show that BMP and LGR signaling mediate communication between muscle, neuronal, and adipose tissues to enhance insulin signaling, identifying LGR as key in protecting against insulin resistance.

Experimental realizations of topological insulators are relatively rare at present. Now, a structurally complex bismuth rhodium iodide is synthesized and shown to have a honeycomb-layered structure akin to that of graphene, but made up of bismuth and rhodium sheets.

High-speed atomic force microscopy single-molecule imaging and cryo-EM analysis discover and reveal the structure of a TRPV3 pentamer, providing evidence for a non-canonical pentameric TRP-channel assembly, laying the foundation for new directions in TRP channel research.

Rab3GAP, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab18, regulates membrane trafficking and lipid droplet metabolism. The authors elucidated its molecular structure, mapped its potential substrate binding interface, and uncovered that disease-associated mutations likely impair Rab18 binding.

Intermediate-length repeat expansions in ATXN-2 are the strongest genetic risk factor for ALS. Here, the authors combine patient-derived motor neurons and organoids with mouse models to dissect the pathogenic effects of ATXN2 intermediate expansions.

ATP drives most cellular processes, although ATP production and consumption levels during mitosis remain unreported. Here, the authors combine metabolic measurements and modeling to quantify ATP levels and synthesis dynamics, revealing that ATP synthesis and consumption are lowered during mitosis.

Here, the authors unveil the intrinsic ability of the C terminus of SSX, as part of different oncogenic fusions, to determine fusion occupancy independent of the BAF complex by both recognizing and stimulating histone H2AK119 monoubiquitylation by PRC1.1.

Far-field mid-infrared spectroscopy reveals both the electroluminescence of hyperbolic phonon polaritons of hexagonal boron nitride excited by strongly biased graphene, and the associated radiative energy transfer through the material.

The mechanisms of pathological astrocyte responses during multiple sclerosis remain unclear. Kadowaki et al. found in MS mouse models that CLEC16A suppresses astrocyte pathogenic activities related to mitochondria by boosting mitophagy.

It may have taken only a decade to repeatedly destabilize the Antarctic Ice Sheet after the last Ice Age as shown by a new data-model study. The ice sheet lost ice for centuries each time before it abruptly re-stabilized again.

The cryo-electron microscopy structures of the cell-binding component of the Clostridioides difficile transferase toxin in different oligomeric states reveal the conformational changes undergone by the toxin while inserting into target membranes to form a pore.

This Perspective assesses the performance limits of hexagonal boron nitride when used as a gate insulator in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) devices based on two-dimensional materials, concluding that due to excessive leakage currents, the material is unlikely to be suitable for use in ultrascaled CMOS devices.

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a progressive inflammatory muscle disease of unknown cause, prevalent in older adults. Through spatial and single nuclear profiling, the authors identify a selective type 2 myofiber pathology in IBM, linked to genomic stress and denervation.

Dynamic regulation of the cytoskeletal factor ABLIM3 controls the precision of memory representations in rodent models of post-traumatic stress disorder and age-related cognitive impairment.

Atherosclerosis is caused by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) buildup in the vessel wall, a process thought to be mediated by LDL receptor alone. Here, the authors show that the endothelium can uptake LDL via ALK1, a TGFβ signalling receptor, suggesting new therapies for blocking LDL accumulation in the vessel wall.

HnRNP R regulates the axonal transcriptome. Here the authors show that hnRNP R is a component of translation initiation complexes and interacts with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (Ogt), promoting O-GlcNAcylation of eIF4G.

A set of GFP fusions with as few as 12 residues appended to the C terminus is shown to assemble into filaments in E. coli. Crystal structures reveal a mechanism termed ‘runaway domain coupling’ and illustrate how protein filament formation can evolve.

Benzonitrile, a proxy for the aromatic ring molecule benzene, has now been detected at multiple locations in the Taurus and Serpens molecular clouds, suggesting a widespread aromatic chemistry in the interstellar medium. Chemical models underestimate the abundance of aromatic molecules, highlighting the need for further study.

AQRNA-seq allows accurate quantification of small RNAs.

In parallel-stacked materials, ferroelectric order is switched by layer sliding. In 3R-MoS₂, excitons react to ferroelectricity via stacking-specific hybridization. Authors show field effect control of ferroelectricity and its effect on spin dynamics.

The Musashi family of RNA binding proteins are found in an oligomeric state in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Here the authors show that Mushashi1 and Musashi2 interact with tau protein in patient tissue and in models of tauopathy.

Despite the importance of Arctic sea-ice in the global climate system, a paucity of pre-Quaternary sedimentary archives limits our understanding of its long-term history. Here, based on ancient sediments revealed by submarine landslides, the authors reconstruct Arctic sea-ice conditions during the Miocene.

Nano-Raman spectroscopy reveals localization of some vibrational modes in reconstructed twisted bilayer graphene and provides qualitative insights into how electron–phonon coupling affects the vibrational and electronic properties of the material.

Crystal structures of HIV-1 Env V1V2 in complex with human broadly neutralizing antibodies and ontogeny analyses allow the engineering of Env trimers that are recognized by ancestor and intermediate antibody forms.

For solid-state qubits, the material environment hosts sources of errors that vary in time and space. This systematic analysis of errors affecting high-fidelity two-qubit gates in silicon can inform the design of large-scale quantum computers.

Miniature hydrogel compartments in scalable stacked and folded geometries were used to prepare a contact-activated artificial electric organ.

Human follicular helper T cells engaging in synaptic interactions with germinal centre B cells release dopamine stored in chromogranin B⁺ granules, causing rapid externalization of ICOS ligand, which in turn enhances CD40L delivery to the synaptic cleft and synaptic contact, and results in an accelerated response.

Precisely timed motor learning promotes remyelination in the motor cortex by enhancing oligodendrogenesis and stimulating mature oligodendrocytes to generate new myelin, presenting mature oligodendrocytes as new targets in remyelinating therapies.

Forces resulting from global cell volume expansion and local cell contractions distort the basement membrane of an in vitro three-dimensional model of breast cancer, to promote collective cell invasion that precedes metastasis.

Mid-ocean ridges are composed of segmented faults and magma reservoirs. Seismic images from the East Pacific Rise show that the magma reservoirs are segmented on the same fine scale as the surface faults, and that distinct lava eruptions are sourced from largely isolated magma lenses.

Animals are more likely to react to rapid rather than slow temperature change. Here, the authors identify a brain circuit in Drosophila that selectively responds to rapid thermal change, priming behavior for escape.

Cryo-EM structures of somatostatin 14- and octreotide-bound somatostatin receptor 2 reveal a flexible extracellular domain for recognizing different ligands and, together with functional assays, identify the basis of SSTR subtype selectivity.

A protein platform rapidly develops peptide-focused major histocompatibility complex class I binders with high specificity.

Three-dimensional printed protein-based robotic structures are actuated by exoskeleton-like coats of molecular motor assemblies upon the spatially targeted release of chemical fuel, resulting in micrometre-scale shape-morphing activity.