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Genome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in ancestrally diverse populations implicate candidate causal genes and mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes. Trans-ancestry genetic risk scores enhance transferability across populations.

Analyses of pretransplant omics data from different cohorts of African American recipients found that genetic polymorphisms at the LILRB3 gene are associated with kidney graft loss.

Easy-to-scale-up metal‒organic framework membranes with an anti-wear scale‒like structure and paralyzed lattices enable one-step acquisition of polymer‒grade propylene from a propylene/propane mixture.

. Androgen-receptor blockade can overcome immunotherapy resistance in prostate cancer by intrinsically enhancing T cell function and IFNγ responses. 

PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) have important roles in various species, particularly in silencing transposons in the germ line. This Review describes our latest understanding of various steps in this process, from the specification of piRNA-producing loci to piRNA processing and nuclear effector functions, including a role in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.

A lipid nanoparticle is used to deliver mRNA to hematopoietic stem cells in macaques.

A multi-ancestry genome-wide gene–smoking interaction study identifies 13 new loci associated with serum lipids.

Upon pathogen attack, plants can trigger the “cry for help” response and assemble beneficial rhizobacteria. Here, the authors use nonpathogenic Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 derivatives to elicit a similar “cry for help” response as the wild-type pathogenic DC3000 in Arabidopsis.

Veniant et al. report here on a GIPR antagonist conjugated to GLP-1 analogues that reduces body weight and improves metabolic markers in preclinical and phase 1 clinical settings.

The authors provide the first anellovirus-like particle structure determined by CryoEM. The authors propose hypervariable regions on the spike domains extending from the particle surface contribute to the immune evasion properties of anelloviruses.

This study reveals that wheat migration as a strategy for climate adaptation lacks sustainability in the North China Plain. Irrigation and fertilization management provide mitigation opportunities to reduce negative environmental impacts and avoid carbon leakage.

Previous studies have shown that both rare pathogenic mutations and common genetic variants contribute to the familial risk of developing colorectal cancer. Here, the authors carry out a two-stage genome-wide association study and identify six new loci associated with colorectal cancer.

The one-dimensional laser cooling of positronium enables testing of quantum electrodynamics and could realize Bose–Einstein condensation in positronium.

Fine-mapping of causal variants and integration of epigenetic and chromatin conformation data identify likely target genes for 150 breast cancer risk regions.

Necroptosis in cancer cells remains incompletely understood. Here, the authors show that inhibition of FGFR2 could induce necroptosis via crosstalk between the NF2-Hippo-YAP and RIP1-MST1-MLKL pathways and shapes an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

Oxygen is an essential requirement for aerobic organisms. Here the authors explore the role of oxygen in the antiviral innate response in multiple models of infection and suggest oxygen enhances the antiviral innate response via EGLN1 hydroxylation of IRF3.

A diverse, multidisciplinary panel of 386 experts in COVID-19 response from 112 countries provides health and social policy actions to address inadequacies in the pandemic response and help to bring this public health threat to an end.

Most genetic studies have been done on European cohorts, which affects the efficacy of polygenic risk scores in non-European populations. Here, the authors demonstrate that a colorectal cancer PRS including Asian and European ancestries has improved performance over the European-centric PRS across racial and ethnic groups.

Indium Tin Oxide thin films exhibit ultrafast optical switching of permittivity. Here, the authors demonstrate a change in nonlinear optical properties of the material, and a modulation of harmonic generation.

Very little is known about biological sex differences in influenza disease outcome. In 2013, avian influenza (H7N9) infections in humans have been reported with higher frequency in men than women. Here, Bai et al. report that low testosterone levels in men correlate with poor infection outcome. They confirm the causal link between viral infection and testosterone depletion using a mouse model.

Sarcomatoid and rhabdoid tumours are highly aggressive forms of renal cell carcinoma that are also responsive to immunotherapy. In this study, the authors perform a comprehensive molecular characterization of these tumours discovering an enrichment of specific alterations and an inflamed phenotype.

Genome-wide association analyses identify risk loci for breast cancer in women of African ancestry. Polygenic risk scores derived from these data improve ancestry-specific risk prediction.

In the phase 2 trial NEOSUMMIT-01, perioperative treatment of patients with locally advanced gastric or gastro-esophageal junction adenocarcinoma with anti-PD-1 and SOX/XELOX versus SOX/XELOX alone improved pathological complete response or near-complete response rate.

Large extrachromosomal DNAs are engineered using a CRISPR- and Cre–loxP-based approach and shown to drive cancer in mouse models, with potential applications in determining the role of oncogene amplifications in human cancers.

Soft actuators have potential in a range of applications, but achieving the required properties can be challenging. Here, the authors report a hierarchical design to give fast response and anisotropic actuation in response to multiple stimuli.

Experimental demonstration of quantum speedup that scales with the system size is the goal of near-term quantum computing. Here, the authors demonstrate such scaling advantage for a D-Wave quantum annealer over analogous classical algorithms in simulations of frustrated quantum magnets.

Using historical data across the U.S., the authors find that population declines are associated with flood exposure. Projecting this relationship to 2053, the authors find that flood risk may result in 7% lower growth than otherwise expected.

Federated ML (FL) provides an alternative to train accurate and generalizable ML models, by only sharing numerical model updates. Here, the authors present the largest FL study to-date to generate an automatic tumor boundary detector for glioblastoma.

A fluorogenic reporter allows visualization of spike protein and ACE2 receptor interaction and the identification of natural products that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro and in vivo.

The alkali-metal electrolytes often used in electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction can lead to problematic carbonate formation and salt precipitation. Here, the authors demonstrate a scaled-up system for CO₂ reduction that uses both anion-exchange and proton-exchange membranes, allowing alkali-cation-free water to be used as a feed, with resulting stable operation.

Genome wide association studies have identified multiple loci associated with risk of developing prostate cancer but the functional significance of many of these are unknown. Here, after generating models to predict methylation, the authors identify CpG methylation sites associated with prostate cancer.

A pronounced increase in atmospheric CO₂ coincided with warming at the end of the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age, according to an 80-million-year-long boron isotope CO₂ proxy record.

A transcriptome-wide association study identifies associations of genetically predicted gene expression with breast cancer risk. This analysis finds 48 candidate genes implicated in breast cancer susceptibility, including 14 at novel loci.

Tailored to provide diabetes management recommendations from large training and validation datasets, an artificial intelligence system integrating language and computer vision capabilities is shown to improve self-management of patients in a prospective implementation study.

New data show that the HMCES protein suppresses DNA double-strand break formation by cross-linking to and thereby stabilizing an abasic site generated during replication-coupled repair of a DNA interstrand cross-link, thus demonstrating a physiological role of HMCES in DNA repair.

Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are non-catalytic domains found within multi-modular carbohydrate-active enzymes like glycoside hydrolases. Here, the authors show the crystal structures of two CBM family 92 members, which use three different surface binding sites to bind to β-glucans.