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Ventral tegmental area (VTA) is involved in reward behaviours, but the precise contribution of VTA glutamatergic neurons to this process is not known. Here the authors show that phasic but not sustained optogenetic stimulation of VTA glutamatergic neurons is rewarding and involves co-release of GABA.

Using multiple datasets from real-world evidence and completed trials, a machine learning model using routine blood and clinical data is shown to be predictive of patient response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, across cancer types and outperforming standard biomarkers.

The anomalous Hall effect (AHE) occurs in ferromagnets caused by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Here, Yoo et al. report large anomalous Hall conductivity and Hall angle at the interface between a ferromagnet La_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃ and a semimetallic SrIrO₃, due to the interplay between correlated physics and topological phenomena.

Complex structural variations and rearrangements in cancer are identified using long-read sequencing.

The most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson is reported, which indicate that its properties are consistent with the standard model predictions, within the precision achieved to date.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of lung adenocarcinoma but known susceptibility variants explain only a small fraction of the familial risk. Here, the authors perform a two-stage GWAS and report 12 novel genetic loci associated with lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in sustainability-related scholarly work, such as Sustainable Development Goal research, is growing. An analysis now finds that few studies actually use AI to address normative or transformative dimensions of sustainability science, limiting the potential of relevant AI applications.

Wireless sensing devices placed on the skin can capture a wide spectrum of acoustic and mechanical signals at several body locations simultaneously for monitoring of internal body processes such as cardiorespiratory function, gastrointestinal activity, swallowing and respiration.

Frontal polymerization spin mode dynamics is used to autonomously fabricate patterned crystalline domains in poly(cyclooctadiene) with multiscale organization.

Despite being recommended, day-zero biopsies are often not performed, due to the cost and time. Here, the authors show that machine learning and donor’s basic parameters can predict the biopsy, offering a reliable virtual estimation of the day-zero biopsy findings.

The authors experimentally realize the control of the topological charge of magnetic skyrmionic structures at room temperature in a Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) platform with spatially alternating signs. By modifying the DMI energy landscape through chemisorbed oxygen, a magnetic topological transition is realized.

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) is known to influence reward processing through its projections to the VTA. Here, the authors report that the cholinergic projections from the LDT to the nucleus accumbens play an important role in motivation and positive reinforcement behaviors.

Long-range cis-regulatory elements play important roles in regulating agronomic traits, but they are largely uncharacterized in crops. This study provides genetic, epigenomic and functional molecular evidence to support their widespread existence in the maize genome.

A decision-support system that automates the Banff classification system for diagnosis of kidney allograft rejection leads to reclassification and correction of pathologists’ diagnoses and improves risk stratification of allograft outcomes.

Sensory neurons are critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Here, the authors generated a single-nuclei cross-species atlas of the dorsal root ganglia, revealing conserved programs for sensory function that could inform therapeutic hypotheses.

Plasma turbulence is the main driver to deteriorate the performance of fusion power plants. This work presents an unprecedented comparison of plasma turbulence between experiment and simulation, proving that the gyrokinetic model GENE reached a high level of maturity to predict core turbulence.

Reference assemblies of great ape sex chromosomes show that Y chromosomes are more variable in size and sequence than X chromosomes and provide a resource for studies on human evolution and conservation genetics of non-human apes.

The characterisation of the papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tumour microenvironment remains crucial. Here, the authors perform single-cell RNA sequencing in 11 patients and identify potential opportunities for the use of immunotherapy and its combination with anti-angiogenic therapy in PTC.

A hybrid analogue–digital quantum simulator is used to demonstrate beyond-classical performance in benchmarking experiments and to study thermalization phenomena in an XY quantum magnet, including the breakdown of Kibble–Zurek scaling predictions and signatures of the Kosterlitz–Thouless phase transition.

Ordered mesoporous metal oxides can be used for many applications, including gas sensing. This Protocol describes a systematic evaporation-induced cooperative assembly approach via poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene micelles. The pore size and chemical environment can be tuned.

The CMS Collaboration reports evidence for off-shell Higgs boson contributions in the production of Z boson pairs, and measures the width of the Higgs boson, which is inversely related to its lifetime.

The CMS Collaboration reports the study of three simultaneous hard interactions between quarks and gluons in proton–proton collisions. This manifests through the concurrent production of three J/ψ mesons, which consist of a charm-quark–antiquark pair.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease that shows selective regional vulnerability. Here, the authors show that postmortem brain HD astrocytes are regionally diverse, with a striatal disease-associated state and a cortical compensatory state that mitigated neural death.

By implementing random circuit sampling, experimental and theoretical results establish the existence of transitions to a stable, computationally complex phase that is reachable with current quantum processors.

A vesicle trafficking Rab11 effector switch is important for ciliogenesis. Here, the authors report a ciliopathy-related disorder caused by variants in WDR44, a Rab11 effector. WDR44 variants show higher affinity for Rab11 and can impair ciliogenesis.

During development of the vertebrate nervous system, a switch in the subunit composition of the BAF chromatin-remodelling complex occurs when cells lose multipotency and begin to develop stable connections that will persist for a lifetime. Here, the switch in BAF subunits is shown to be mediated by two microRNAs that are selectively expressed in post-mitotic neurons.

In this study, the authors developed intranasal measles virus and mumps virus-based trivalent vaccines, each expressing three distinct SARS-CoV-2 stabilized prefusion spike proteins. They show that the intranasal vaccines provide protection against infection of SARS-CoV-2 variants in small animal models.

A combination of genomic and clinical features improves predictions of response to immune checkpoint blockade.

Variant detection in problematic genes is facilitated with a curated benchmark.

In the phase 2 RENOBATE trial, the combination of regorafenib and nivolumab as first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma exhibited a safe profile and met the primary endpoint with a 31% overall response rate.

Epistasis effects among amino acids at distal sites within binding pockets can have important impacts on protein fitness landscapes. Here the authors present BRIDGE, which matches non-overlapping sequence reads with their cognate DNA templates.