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Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

Researchers used explainable AI to analyze pancreas tissue from living donors, revealing that changes in fat cell clusters, nerve structures, and islet proximity to fat cells distinguish people with type 2 diabetes from those without the condition.

Sepsis causes endothelial dysfunction that drives vascular failure and organ injury. Here the authors show that neutralizing truncated procalcitonin reduced pro-inflammatory activation and leakage in the endothelium, resulting in preserved organ integrity, improved clinical outcomes and predicted survival in septic mice.

Quantum interference of sodium nanoparticles, which can each contain more than 7,000 atoms at masses greater than 170,000 Da, is demonstrated.

The Paleogene continental collision between the Indian subcontinent and Asia initiated biotic interchange over a timescale of millions of years. Klaus et al. develop a phylogeographic method to estimate the dynamics of biotic interchange over these timescales, revealing periods of acceleration, stagnation and decline.

Species’ traits and environmental conditions determine the abundance of tree species across the globe. Here, the authors find that dominant tree species are taller and have softer wood compared to rare species and that these trait differences are more strongly associated with temperature than water availability.

Bifunctional methyltransferase–cyclases both transfer a methyl group to alkenes and induce cyclization—a process called methylcyclization. Now a non-enzymatic silver(I)-mediated electrophilic methylcyclization has been reported. The reaction uses commercial reagents, is applicable to a wide range of substrates and affords structures that are difficult to access by conventional synthetic methods.

The oxygen reduction reaction requires a significant overpotential, which can limit the efficiency of fuel cells. Here, inspired by enzymes, the authors show that earth-abundant elements, localized in well-organized organic coordination surface networks, can efficiently catalyse oxygen reduction.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Branched organoids embedded in collagen gels can recapitulate the phenotypic landscape and pronounced molecular and morphological heterogeneity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Here the authors apply machine learning approaches to Alzheimer’s genetics, confirm known associations and suggest novel risk loci. These methods demonstrate predictive power comparable to traditional approaches, while also offering potential new insights beyond standard genetic analyses.

An internal redox see-saw between the Panthalassa Basin and the proto-North Atlantic can explain cyclic changes in the sediment record throughout the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum 97 to 91 million years ago, according to simulations with a numerical ocean model.

Stress resilience is the maintenance of mental health despite adversity. Here, the authors show that how we typically evaluate adverse events is a key resilience factor and that improving it goes along with improved resilience.

The interaction between spins in magnetic materials gives rise to a number of interesting effects. An example is the discovery of an unusual magnetic state based on a long-range ordering force between magnetic domain walls that is analogous to the interaction between protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei.

Woven topologies endow macroscopic objects with mechanical stability, but their molecular counterparts have remained difficult to prepare. Now, an extended triaxial supramolecular weave has been formed by the self-assembly of a judiciously shaped organic building block — a rigid oligoproline segment featuring two perylene-monoimide moieties — through π–π stacking and CH–π interactions.

Potthoff and colleagues present a MALDI-MSI-based method that integrates in-source brightfield and fluorescence microscopy, which allows for spatially-resolved analysis of lipids and metabolites at the (sub)cellular level.

Wood density is an important plant trait. Data from 1.1 million forest inventory plots and 10,703 tree species show a latitudinal gradient in wood density, with temperature and soil moisture explaining variation at the global scale and disturbance also having a role at the local level.

Genome-wide association meta-analyses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom measures and clinical diagnoses identify new risk loci, highlight putative effector genes and yield improved polygenic risk scores.

The transition to low-carbon energy resources necessitates resilient power grids capable of handling low-inertia system dynamics. This Perspective proposes an Internet-inspired power system set-up composed of independent, asynchronous compartments able to balance energy across the entire grid.

This Article details the methods used for rigorous assessment of disease interventions in a multicenter preclinical trial. Using stroke models as proof of concept, it offers adaptable protocols for any field requiring robust preclinical validation.

The transcription factor ATF6 causes an enrichment in long-chain fatty acids in the colonic epithelium, which leads to changes in the gut microbiota and contributes to the development of colorectal cancer in humans and mice, thereby linking endoplasmic reticulum stress responses to lipid metabolism and tumorigenesis.

Plasma cells (PC) contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by secreting autoantibodies. Strategies to target pathogenic PCs are thus required. Here, the authors profile different PC subsets in naïve and lupus-prone mice and report the emergence and expansion of a CD19^– PC subset in diseased mice that could compromise the effectiveness of CD19-targeting therapies.

In this prospective cohort study, authors follow 328 households in Germany with at least one confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and find that children are more likely to seroconvert without symptoms and have higher specific antibody levels that persist longer than in adults.

Sarcomas are morphologically heterogeneous tumours rendering their classification challenging. Here the authors developed a classifier using DNA methylation data from several soft tissue and bone sarcoma subtypes, which has the potential to improve classification for research and clinical purposes.

Known genetic loci account for only a fraction of the genetic contribution to Alzheimer’s disease. Here, the authors have performed a large genome-wide meta-analysis comprising 409,435 individuals to discover 6 new loci and demonstrate the efficacy of an Alzheimer’s disease polygenic risk score.

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias identifies new loci and enables generation of a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

tRNA modifications are essential for function, yet their timing relative to processing is unclear. Here, the authors show that queuosine and derivative modifications occur before splicing of pre-tRNA^Tyr, with cryo-EM confirming direct recognition by the QTRT1/2 complex.

Analysis of ground-sourced and satellite-derived models reveals a global forest carbon potential of 226 Gt outside agricultural and urban lands, with a difference of only 12% across these modelling approaches.

Routine breast MRI scans provide an opportunity to screen for thoracic aortic aneurysms, which are more fatal in women. Here, the authors show that a fully automated AI tool can screen for these aneurysms using routine breast MRI scans.

Examining drivers of the latitudinal biodiversity gradient in a global database of local tree species richness, the authors show that co-limitation by multiple environmental and anthropogenic factors causes steeper increases in richness with latitude in tropical versus temperate and boreal zones.

Keyl et al. present an explainable artificial intelligence model-based real-world data analysis from over 15,000 patients across 38 cancer types, identified key prognostic marker interactions, and confirmed these in an external lung cancer cohort.

Nonlinear machine learning methods have good predictive ability but the lack of transparency of the algorithms can limit their use. Here the authors investigate how these methods approach learning in order to assess the dependability of their decision making.

A comprehensive evaluation of memorization across datasets, including training samples and patient data copies, shows that latent diffusion models can memorize a diverse set of medical images with varying properties.

Laser spectroscopy measurements of the fermium isotopic chain show a smooth trend in the nuclear size of heavy actinide elements, and diminishing shell effects on the size evolution compared with lighter nuclei.

A synthetic nanocarrier based on DNA origami chassis offers control over valency, orientation and spatial arrangement of antibodies for simultaneously engaging immune signalling pathways, checkpoint inhibition and targeted co-stimulation in anticancer immunotherapy in vivo.

Federated ML (FL) provides an alternative to train accurate and generalizable ML models, by only sharing numerical model updates. Here, the authors present the largest FL study to-date to generate an automatic tumor boundary detector for glioblastoma.

Although co-occurring species may differ widely in their response traits, coordinated functional trait shifts may emerge at the community level in response to environmental factors. Here, the authors use data from 150 grassland sites to identify a coordinated slow-fast strategy response to land-use intensification across above- and belowground taxa.

This paper introduces msiFlow, an open-source software for scalable and reproducible end-to-end multimodal image analysis. Using msiFlow, the authors explore the molecular heterogeneity of leukocytes in infected tissues.

Some cancer cells exhibit high loads of reactive iron in lysosomes, and this feature is exploited by using fentomycin-1, a newly developed small molecule, to induce ferroptosis.

The transcription factor CREM is a pivotal regulator of NK cell function, making CREM a valuable target to increase the efficacy of anticancer immunotherapies based on this cell population and chimeric antigen receptors.

Ley and colleagues show that negative selection only partially explains the difference between CD4⁺ T cell responses to self and foreign peptides and that PD-1 and CD73 synergistically limit the CD4⁺ T cell responses to self.

Susac syndrome is an inflammatory pathology of the brain endothelium. Here the authors show that the pathology is driven by CD8 T cells attacking the endothelium, and that blocking T cell-endothelial adhesion ameliorates the disease in a mouse model, and associates with improved clinical score in 4 patients.

Polygenic risk scores for Alzheimer’s disease derived from individuals of European ancestry can show improved performance in multiancestry settings after incorporating genome-wide association summary statistics from diverse populations.

Bacic et al. demonstrate that PARP1/HPF1 preferentially modify histone tails closest to the DNA break, directing ALC1-catalyzed nucleosome sliding. These findings suggest a mechanism for rendering DNA breaks more accessible to repair factors.