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Distinguishing glioblastoma and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) remains challenging due to their overlapping pathology features. Here, the authors develop a computational tool, PICTURE, for differentiating similar pathological features enabling improved diagnosis of CNS tumours.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Yamazoe et al. show that B cell-derived autoantibodies contribute to the development of atrial fibrillation, suggesting that targeting the humoral immune response may represent a viable therapeutic approach.

The development of optical information processing depends on the demonstration of silicon-based all-optical circuit components. Here, the authors show a monolithic pulse compressor, compatible with current electronic processing technologies, which is able to function at low power input.

A biodegradable pacemaker without external leads improves the safety of temporary cardiac pacing.

Using palaeohistology and geochemistry, the placental-like life history of a pantodont species 62 million years of age is determined.

An analysis of data from 522 population-based studies encompassing 82 global regions and spanning more than a century (1920–2024) shows spatiotemporal transitions across epidemiologic stages 1 to 3 of inflammatory bowel disease, and models stage 4 progression.

An optomechanical system that converts microwaves to optical frequency light and vice versa is demonstrated. The technique achieves a conversion efficiency of approximately 10%. The results indicate that the device could work at the quantum level, up- and down-converting individual photons, if it were cooled to millikelvin temperatures. It could, therefore, form an integral part of quantum-processor networks.

Do we mitigate climate change in a Kyoto style global agreement or via multiple agreements among smaller groups of states? Here the authors show that the best strategy may begin with regional legally binding, aggressive agreements and, as these become common, renew pursuit of a global legally-binding treaty.

Research into steatotic liver disease should prioritize person-centred care and work towards a reduced disease burden and lower economic and societal costs.

Here the authors show that dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway functions as a cell fate checkpoint that can be targeted to specifically diminish the number and function of effector T cells without affecting the memory T cell pool and response to infection.

Cationic polymers conventionally kill bacteria via physical membrane disruptions. Here, the authors report the development of carbon acid cationic polymers that show potent activity against multidrug-resistant strains in murine infection models and prevent bovine mastitis, and present evidence that these polymers translocate across bacterial membrane aided by N-heterocyclic carbene.

Copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) oxidatively cleave polysaccharides. Here the authors present a structure-function characterization of fungal LPMOs, showing that a particular LPMO cleaves xylan using a mechanism that involves an alternative copper coordination geometry.

Understanding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is dependent on being able to distinguish COVID-19 immune responses from cross-reactive immune responses to other coronaviruses. Here the authors show that choice of antigens and whether an ICS, ELISPOT or T cell proliferation assay is used has a major effect on this discriminatory ability.

A horizon scan of international respondents identifies and discusses ten developing challenges in Antarctic conservation, revealing an increased emphasis on challenges related to governance, geopolitics and economics compared to a similar scan from 2012.

Whether the origins of inner gorges were fluvial or subglacial has been debated for decades. Here, Jansen et al. present new evidence, in the form of a suite of cosmogenic nuclide exposure ages and a deglaciation map, which suggests a subglacial meltwater origin for inner gorges in northern Sweden.

Climate change may pose a fundamental challenge to maintaining the high productivity of US dairy systems. Based on weather variability and milk yields from 1981 to 2018, this study estimates the impact of extreme heat and cold on productivity, the sensitivity of specific regions and the importance of farm management for mediating such impacts.

This Consensus Statement clarifies the existing subset-based nomenclature for T cells. Furthermore, it proposes an alternative modular nomenclature that is designed to be brief and flexible and to avoid ambiguity and unwanted implications. The authors also provide guidance on how T cell nomenclature should be described in research papers.

Record-breaking rates of increasing atmospheric methane concentrations in 2020 and 2021 are alarming, but puzzling, in view of declining methane emissions from fossil fuel in 2020. The authors show that interannual variation of both positive and negative feedbacks contribute positively to the rising methane concentration.

An analysis of coral reefs in the tropical western Atlantic suggests that nearly all will be eroding by 2100 if global warming exceeds 2 °C, which will worsen the effects of sea-level rise.

Phylogenomic analysis of 7,923 angiosperm species using a standardized set of 353 nuclear genes produced an angiosperm tree of life dated with 200 fossil calibrations, providing key insights into evolutionary relationships and diversification.

The authors combine tracking and body mass data from five migratory waterfowl species to understand their capacity to accelerate migration in response to earlier spring. They show considerable scope for faster migration by reducing the fuelling time before departure and subsequently on stopovers

Cardiomyocyte transplantation after heart attack improves contractile function in monkeys.

Diversified renewable energy sources can enable the sustainable operation of multisector resource systems. An artificial intelligence-assisted multi-objective design framework, applied in Ghana, explores optimized management and investment strategies balancing hydropower, bioenergy, solar and wind energies, and their impacts.

Despite the 2023–2024 El Niño being weaker than 1997–1998, it resulted in the highest detrended sea level anomaly recorded across African coasts, indicating nonlinear ocean response to warming, based on satellite data from 1993 to 2024.

Graphene transistors are attractive for many applications but making integrated circuits without degrading their characteristics is proving challenging. Here, the authors demonstrate a radio frequency integrated receiver using a graphene-last approach compatible with conventional processing methods.

A high-resolution, global atlas of mortality of children under five years of age between 2000 and 2017 highlights subnational geographical inequalities in the distribution, rates and absolute counts of child deaths by age.

The impact of senescent cells on remyelination is unknown. Here, the authors show that treatment with senolytics following demyelination enhances remyelination in young, but not aged mice, and these effects are mediated by senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors including CCL11.

High-resolution subnational mapping of child growth failure indicators for 105 low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 shows that, despite considerable progress, substantial geographical inequalities still exist in some countries.

The authors present a cage-based stand-alone platform for autonomous, standardized, and unsupervised training and testing of visuo-auditory-cued behaviours of common marmosets. The experiments do not require dietary restriction or social separation.

Using data from top neuroscience journals, this study finds that women-led work tends to be undercited relative to expectations. This imbalance is driven largely by the citation practices of men and is increasing over time as the field diversifies.

A terahertz (THz) optical single-sideband modulator (OSSB) for direct conversion of free-space THz electromagnetic radiation to THz optical modulations is realized. The THz OSSB operates in the 0.3–1.0 THz range without any frequency-dependent tuning.

Analysing wing shapes within and across distantly related dipteran lineages, the authors show that intrapopulation variation reflecting microevolutionary change can predict deep divergence at macroevolutionary timescales spanning 185 million years, and suggest that this pattern can be explained by correlational selection related to allometric scaling.

Independent of antigen presentation, migratory CCR7⁺ dendritic cells orchestrate the influx, proliferation and cytotoxic action of natural killer cells to control cancer cell growth in the leptomeninges.

This study reveals that during human gait development, neuromotor modules (muscle synergies) and limb biomechanical properties co-evolve toward bilateral symmetry, which enhances locomotor stability. By combining longitudinal EMG, kinematic, and neuromusculoskeletal modeling data from infants, adults, and elders, the authors demonstrate that functional symmetrization of these modules underlies efficient and stable gait control across the lifespan.