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The degree of regional variability in marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export production is poorly constrained on a global scale. Here, the authors combine an artificial neural network and a data-constrained ocean circulation model to show that the efficiency of DOC export varies 3-fold across regions.

A short-lived carbon release preceded the PETM. Here the global nature of this is confirmed, effects on the surface ocean carbon cycle are resolved, and a thermogenic CO₂ source is inferred.

A combination of strong spin–orbit coupling and electronic correlations in pyrochlore iridates produces a quantum insulator–metal transition that can be induced by applying a magnetic field along specific crystalline axes.

Colour perception arises from the comparison of signals from different cone types, but how these inputs are combined by ganglion cells, which transmit the output of the retina, has been an issue of contention. Using large-scale multi-electrode arrays and fine-grained visual stimulation, these authors map out the locations and types of single-cone inputs to entire populations of ganglion cells, resulting in input–output maps at an unprecedented resolution and scale.

Recent electron microscopy techniques have attracted significant attention for their ability to image electric fields at the atomic level. Here, the authors investigate the possibility to separate the charge density contributions of core and valence electrons in monolayer MoS2, highlighting the limitations induced by the electron probe shape.

A frequency detuning between two pump lasers enables an exciton–polariton Floquet optical lattice and a polariton ‘conveyor belt’. The findings pave the way for Floquet engineering in polariton condensates.

Genetic and functional studies implicate allele-specific regulation of OAS1 splicing and nonsense-mediated decay in COVID-19 severity. The OAS1 risk haplotype is also associated with reduced SARS-CoV-2 clearance in a clinical trial with pegIFN-λ1.

A new inhibitor targeting the mitochondrial complex I shows antitumor activity in preclinical models of acute myeloid leukemia and glioblastoma relying on oxidative phosphorylation.

Using lidar over an area of 85,000 km², Inomata et al. identified 478 early ceremonial complexes in southern Mexico. These discoveries offer new information for understanding the origins of Mayan civilization and its relation with the Olmecs.

Wind stress controls annual variations in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at mid-latitudes, while surface buoyancy also matters at subpolar latitudes, according to an attribution analysis using a numerical model constrained by observational array data.

A fully convolutional neural network is used to create time-resolved three-dimensional dense segmentations of heart images. This dense motion model forms the input to a supervised system called 4Dsurvival that can efficiently predict human survival.

Crossing the blood–brain barrier in primates is a major obstacle to gene delivery in the brain. Here an adeno-associated virus variant (AAV.CAP-Mac) is identified and demonstrated for crossing the blood–brain barrier and delivering gene sequences to the brain of different non-human primates species.

Cultivated areas have expanded at the expense of forests, including primary and protected forests, in Southeast Asian highlands, according to an analysis of satellite imagery of the region.

Magnetic skyrmions are topological excitations that have attracted great attention recently for their potential applications in low power, ultrahigh density memory. A major challenge has been to find materials that meet the dual requirement of small skyrmions stable at room temperature. Here, the authors further both these goals by developing epitaxial FeGe films with excess Fe using atomic layer molecular beam epitaxy far from thermal equilibrium.

Mice generalize complex task structures by using neurons in the medial frontal cortex that encode progress to task goals and embed behavioural sequences.

An integrated analysis of de novo and inherited coding variants in 42,607 individuals with autism spectrum disorder identifies 60 risk genes of which five have not previously been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Mercury has a global dayside exosphere that is very tenuous and does not extend far from the planet. Here, the authors show enhancement of neutral densities at high altitudes inferred from pickup ions that is most likely caused by the impact of a meteroid.

Bacteria are able to withstand antibiotic treatment through three mechanisms, resistance, persistence or tolerance. Here, the authors investigate whether such mechanisms as defined in bacteria also apply to human cancer cells, finding that exposure to chemotherapy elicits an atavistic tolerant response in human cancer cells, providing key survival advantages.

Determining the safe operating space for sustainable food production depends on the interactions of multiple processes within the Earth system. Expert knowledge provides critical insight into how these processes interact that improves Earth system modelling and our understanding of the limits of global food production.

The implementation of genomics for identification and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in clinical laboratories remains challenging. Here, Sherry et al. present a bioinformatics platform for detection of AMR determinants from whole-genome sequencing data, suitable for clinical and public-health microbiology reporting.

Despite being an important driver of a subset of medulloblastomas, efforts to therapeutically target Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling, such as with the use of Smoothened (SMO) inhibitors, have had limited success. Here, the authors find that SHH medulloblastomas are sensitive to netrin-1 inhibition and investigate netrin-1 as a mechanism of resistance to SMO inhibition.

The re-epithelialization phase in skin wound repair involves epidermal cell migration into the wound, proliferation and differentiation. Here the authors describe a role for the transcription factor Tcf3 and its target, the secreted factor lipocalin2, in cell migration during wound healing in mice.

Current bosonic circuit QED setups lack tunability across interaction regimes between a superconducting cavity and a nonlinear circuit element. Here the authors achieve such tunability in a cavity-transmon system by using a magnetic hose for fast flux control of the qubit while preserving the cavity coherence.

Here the authors show that ventrally derived oligodendrocytes (OLs) can myelinate areas usually populated by dorsally derived OLs but cannot functionally compensate, as animals populated only by ventrally derived OLs show locomotor and cognitive deficits.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes the toxin ExoT, which is important for pathogenesis. Here, the authors show that ExoT inhibits NLRC4-dependent inflammatory responses during wound infection.

A large, open dataset containing parallel recordings from six visual cortical and two thalamic areas of the mouse brain is presented, from which the relative timing of activity in response to visual stimuli and behaviour is used to construct a hierarchy scheme that corresponds to anatomical connectivity data.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) increases melanoma incidence. Here, the authors report that UVR-damaged dermal fibroblasts upregulate MMP1 to degrade collagen which inhibits melanoma invasion and that aged primary melanomas in skin with degraded collagen have a better prognosis, while new collagen synthesis restores invasion and leads to death.

Isolating the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in natural ecosystems is challenging. Here, the authors apply a causal inference approach to observational data from grasslands and find a negative effect of biodiversity on productivity driven by non-native and rare species.

What is the state of trust in scientists around the world? To answer this question, the authors surveyed 71,922 respondents in 68 countries and found that trust in scientists is moderately high.

This Expert Recommendation provides tools to help researchers in 2D materials improve reproducibility in their work and practical guidance on how to engage constructively with funders, publishers and industry to create a stronger basis for reproducibility, transparency and trust in the field.

There are limitations with current protein sensing methods. Here the authors report DigitISA, a digital immunosensor assay based on microchip electrophoretic separation and single-molecule detection that enables quantitation of protein biomarkers in a single, solution-phase step.

Efficient, large-scale genomic analysis is facilitated on the cloud by a computational tool with error-diagnosing and self-healing capabilities.

Epitaxial crystal growth attracts significant interest. Here, the authors use Bragg Coherent Diffraction Imaging to demonstrate calcite crystal precipitation on self-assembled monolayers exhibiting single dislocation loops with different geometries to those generated in conventional epitaxial thin films.

Roy et al. describe a generalized method for computationally designing miniproteins selective for a single integrin heterodimer and conformational state. The designed αvβ6 inhibitor remains monomeric and maintains biological activity following aerosolization and shows excellent efficacy in bleomycin induced lung fibrosis.

Together with a companion paper, the generation of a transcriptomic atlas for the mouse lemur and analyses of example cell types establish this animal as a molecularly tractable primate model organism.

Body-scale epidermal electronic interfaces for electrophysiological recordings enable the control of a transhumeral prosthesis, long-term electroencephalography, and simultaneous electroencephalography and structural and functional MRI.

Spin-state crossovers are phenomena where, under changes in temperature or pressure, the spin-state of an ion changes. In some materials, this spin-state crossover occurs simultaneously with a metal-insulator transition, driven by a valence transition. Control over such valence, spin-state, and metal-insulator transitions has much technological appeal, but, thus far, materials displaying this have been limited to cryogenic temperatures. Here, the authors show that in strained films of (Pr1-yYy)1- xCaxCoO3-δ, these transitions can be promoted to room temperature.

An analysis of POLE and POLD1 mutations distinguishes driver mutations from passengers and explores their functionality. Driver mutations are associated with specific mutational signatures and correlate with immune checkpoint blockage response.

To extract information from NMR experiments, the number of resonances in the spectrum along with characteristic features such as chemical shifts and intensities need to be identified. Here the authors present UnidecNMR, a computational method that identifies resonances in NMR spectra using deconvolution.

Excitatory spiny stellate neurons in the somatosensory cortex are shaped by innervating thalamic inputs and unique expression of genes. Here, the authors show that these neurons play a crucial role in processing distinct whisker signals and forming specialized circuits for sensory perception.

Digestive epithelia self-renew or differentiate in response to mesenchymal cues. Manieri et al. characterize gastric corpus and antral mesenchyme separately and identify PDGFRA^Lo CD55⁺ cells as those selectively supporting epithelial growth in vitro.

Genomic studies often lack representation from diverse populations, limiting equitable insights. Here, the authors show that the BIG Initiative captures extensive genetic diversity and reveals ancestry-linked health disparities in a community-based Mid-South cohort.

A catalogue of the vascular flora of New Guinea indicates that this island is the most floristically diverse in the world, and that 68% of the species identified are endemic to New Guinea.