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Antigen processing and presentation is the process by which protein antigen is ingested by an antigen-presenting cell (APC), partially digested into peptide fragments and then displayed on the surface of the APC associated with an antigen-presenting molecule such as MHC class I or MHC class II, for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells.
Distinct subsets of conventional DCs (cDCs) promote the differentiation of distinct helper T cell lineages. Here, the authors identify a GM-CSF-dependent cDC2 population in the mouse lung that expresses CD301b at steady state and promotes the differentiation of Treg cells, whereas during the initiation of allergic responses, these cDC2s transition to CD200+ cDC2s, promoting Th2 differentiation.
Dendritic cells are supplied antigens by other cells such as lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) at late time points after immunization. Here the authors show antigen archiving is defined by a transcriptional program that can predict antigen archiving depending on the priming pathogen, and that boosting of immune responses increases the archiving.
Human transplantation with allogeneic donor organs results in non-matching of MHC and differential presentation of T cell antigens. Here the authors show that in a lung transplanted SARS-CoV-2 infected patient T cell responses generated from the host may not be able to recognise infected cells within the graft and this may contribute to virus persistence.
The dual nature of non-polymorphic MHC-E as a ligand for innate receptors and as an antigen-presenting protein raises the possibility of new, universally effective vaccines and immunotherapies for infectious disease and cancer that are independent of the MHC haplotype of an individual.
The control of translation during mitosis has an important role in cancer cell biology. Here the authors report that in mitotically arrested cancer cells, redistribution of ribosomes towards upstream open reading frames results in enhanced presentation of immunogenic peptides on cancer cell surface.
Cathepsin L, a lysosomal protease, is critical for thymic epithelial cell function, particularly in CD4+ T cell selection, TCR repertoire diversity and the regulation of peripheral immune responses.
A healthy immune system is tolerant to self-antigens while maintaining responsiveness to foreign threats. Co-expression of the inhibitory receptors PD-1 and CD73 regulates tolerance by restricting the expansion of auto-reactive CD4+ T cells independently of thymic selection.
A method for designing high-affinity, specific binders to peptide–MHC complexes may improve the next generation of antigen-specific T cell-based therapeutics.
