Figure 2: Amnesic shadow in cued recall.

(a) Immediate cued-recall accuracy for bystanders by number of adjacent suppression epochs. Difference between the left- (peach colour) and right-most (dark orange) bars reveals an amnesic shadow (F-test). (b) Shadow observed after 24 h delay. (c) Experiment 3’s two No-Think strategies. (d) Direct suppression, not thought substitution, caused a shadow. (e) Experiment 4 replaced No-Think trials with a difficult ‘Think-Harder’ task. (f) No shadow was observed in experiment 4 (left subpanel), despite a significant difficulty disparity across types of surrounding retrieval epochs (right subpanel, paired t-test). Error bars reflect within-participant s.e.m. *P<0.05; ***P<0.001.