Table 1 List of melanophagy inducers and candidates.
From: Emerging perspectives on the selective autophagy of melanosomes: melanophagy
Chemicals | MoA | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|
Melanophagy inducers | 2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL) | AMPK–ULK1 axis | |
3,4,5-Trimethoxy cinnamate thymol ester (TCTE) | PTK2–ITCH–MLANA–OPTN axis | ||
3′-hydroxydaidzein (3′-ODI) | – | ||
3-O-Glyceryl-2-O-hexyl ascorbate (VC-HG) | Melanosome transport inhibition | ||
5-Methyl-3-tetradecylidene-dihydro-furan-2-one (DMF02) | NRF2–SQSTM1 | ||
ARP101 | – | ||
Liensinine | – | ||
β-mangostin | RCHY1–OPTN axis | ||
Nalfurafine hydrochloride | – | ||
Neferine | – | ||
Pentasodium tetracarboxymethyl palmitoyl 21 dipeptide-12 (PTPD-12) | – | ||
Picosecond laser | PI3K–AKT–mTOR | ||
Radiofrequency irradiation | – | ||
Retagliptin phosphate | – | ||
Resveratrol | Tyrosinase inhibitor | ||
Teneligliptin hydrobromide | – | ||
Ursolic acid | – | ||
Melanophagy-inducing candidates | 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid (EAA) | NRF2–KEAP1 | |
7-methylsulfinylheptyl isothiocyanate (7-MSI) | ERK | ||
Betel leaves (Piper betle L.) ethanol extract | – | ||
Coenzyme Q0 | NRF2–KEAP1–SQSTM1 | ||
Ectoine | NRF2 | ||
Ellagic acid (EA) | NRF2–KEAP1/tyrosinase inhibitor | ||
Hinokitiol | AKT–mTOR | ||
Imperatorin | PI3K–AKT | ||
Isoliquiritigenin | PI3K–AKT–mTOR | ||
Lipopolysaccharide | – | ||
Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss ethanol extract (Pv-EE) | ERK | ||
Panax ginseng berry rare saponin | – | ||
Pterostilbene | PI3K–AKT–mTOR | ||
Rottlerin | – | ||
Schaftoside | – | ||
Tranexamic acid (TXA) | ERK1/2 |
