Table 1 Summary for FPO trials internationally excluding indications for HGGs. Trial details retrieved from ClinicalTrials.gov, accessed April 202575,88,89.

From: The functional imperative in high-grade glioma

Study title

Type of cancer

Type of patients

Estimated enrollment

NCT number

Study location

Study type

Status

Start date

Expected date of completion

References (where available)

Targeted Therapy Selection Based on Tumor Tissue Kinase Activity Profiles for Patients with Advanced Solid Malignancies, an Exploratory Study (TSAP)

Advanced (unresectable and/or metastatic) solid malignancy for whom no standard treatment is available

Adults

45

NCT01190241

TN, USA

Interventional

Terminated

01 August 2010

01 December 2027

108

Personalized Patient Derived Xenograft (pPDX) Modelling to Test Drug Response in Matching Host

Colorectal, breast, and ovarian neoplasms

Adults

120

NCT02732860

Ontario, Canada

Observational

Recruiting

01 December 2015

04 January 2026

Nil

Beat AML Core Study

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Adults (>18 years)

22

NCT02927106

FL, USA

Observational

Completed

15 February 2017

29 July 2020

Nil

Study of the Therapeutic Response and Survival of Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (stage IV) and Treated According to the Guidelines of a Chemosensitivity Test, Oncogramme (ONCOGRAM) (ONCOGRAM)

Metastatic colorectal cancer

Adults (>18 years)

256

NCT03133273

Limoges, France

Interventional

Completed

24 July 2017

03 April 2024

109

PRecISion Medicine for Children With Cancer (PRISM)

High-risk childhood cancers with expected survival < 30%

Up to 21 years old

550

NCT03336931

Sydney, Australia

Observational

Active, not recruiting

05 September 2017

01 December 2023

110

Personalized Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer (PPDTPC)

Pancreatic cancer

Adults (20 years to 75 years)

100

NCT04373928

Shanghai, China

Interventional

Recruiting

10 November 2017

31 December 2024

Nil

High Throughput Drug Sensitivity and Genomics Data in Developing Individualized Treatment in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma or Plasma Cell Leukemia

Plasma cell leukemia/recurrent and relapsed multiple myeloma

Adults (>18 years)

40

NCT03389347

Seattle, WA, USA

Interventional

Active, not recruiting

14 February 2018

19 December 2026

111

Patient-Derived Xenografts in Personalizing Treatment for Patients with Relapsed/ Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Relapsed/ Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Adults (>18 years)

1

NCT03219047

TX, USA

Interventional

Completed

20 December 2018

03 July 2023

Nil

Ex Vivo Drug Sensitivity Testing and Mutation Profiling

Recurrent or refractory cancer

Up to 21 years old

25

NCT03860376

FL, USA

Observational

Completed

21 February 2019

31 December 2022

85

The PIONEER Initiative: Precision Insights on N-of-1 Ex Vivo Effectiveness Research Based on Individual Tumor Ownership (Precision Oncology) (PIONEER)

Any cancer

1 Month to 99 years (child, adult, older adult)

1000

NCT03896958

GA, USA

Observational

Unknown status

21 March 2019

12 March 2024

Nil

Novel 3D Hematological Malignancy Organoid to Study Disease Biology and Chemosensitivity (Organoid)

Hematologic malignancy

Adults (>18 years)

70

NCT03890614

NC, USA

Observational

Recruiting

16 May 2019

01 February 2026

Nil

Q-GAIN (Using Qpop to Predict Treatment for Gastrointestinal caNcer)

Gastrointestinal cancers

Adults

100

NCT04611035

Singapore

Observational

Unknown status

20 January 2020

01 January 2023

Nil

Serial Measurements of Molecular and Architectural Responses to Therapy (SMMART) PRIME Trial

metastatic solid tumor or hematological malignancy

Adults (>18 years)

2

NCT03878524

OR, USA

Interventional

Terminated

01 April 2020

10 December 2020

Nil

Comprehensive Genomic Profiling and Next Generation Functional Drug Screening for Patients with Aggressive Hematological Malignancies

Advanced and refractory lymphoma/refractory leukemia/refractory AML/refractory T cell lymphoma

Adults

150

NCT04470947

Vienna, Austria

Observational

Recruiting

10 June 2020

31 March 2026

112

Feasibility Study of Multi-Platform Profiling of Resected Biliary Tract Cancer

Biliary Tract Cancer

Adults (>18 years)

14

NCT04561453

Washington, USA

Observational

Active, not recruiting

08 July 2020

01 July 2026

113,114

Using QPOP to Predict Treatment for Sarcomas and Melanomas

Sarcoma, melanoma

Adults

100

NCT04986748

Singapore

Observational

Recruiting

08 September 2020

31 December 2028

115

Hyper-Personalized Medicine Using Patient Derived Xenografts (PDXovo) for Metastatic Solid Tumors (PDXovo)

Metastatic solid tumors

Adults (>18 years)

50

NCT04602702

Ontario, Canada

Observational

Unknown status

01 December 2020

31 December 2022

Nil

Guided Treatment Based on Mini-PDX in Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Adults (>18 years)

100

NCT04745975

Shanghai, China

Interventional

Unknown status

01 February 2021

01 January 2023

Nil

FPO for Metastatic Breast Cancer

HER2-negative breast cancer

Adults

15

NCT04450706

UT, USA

Interventional

Completed

16 February 2021

05 September 2024

Nil

3D Bioprinted Models for Predicting Chemotherapy Response in Colorectal Cancer with/without Liver Metastases

Colorectal cancer

Adults (>18 years)

120

NCT04755907

Beijing, China

Observational

Unknown status

01 March 2021

31 December 2023

116

High Throughput Screening Device Based on 3D Nano-matrices and 3D Tumors with Functional Vascularization (TUMOVASC)

Non-small cell bronchopulmonary cancer (NSCLC)

Adults (>18 years)

100

NCT04826913

Strasbourg, France

Observational

Unknown status

01 April 2021

01 April 2024

Nil

Organoid-Guided Chemotherapy for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer

Adults (>18 years)

100

NCT04931381

Shanghai, China

Interventional

Recruiting

01 June 2021

31 May 2025

Nil

Organoid-Guided Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer

Adults (>18 years)

200

NCT04931394

Shanghai, China

Interventional

Recruiting

01 June /2021

31 May 2025

Nil

Patient-Tailored Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) for Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases (OrganoHIPEC)

Peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer

Adults

24

NCT06057298

Milan, Italy

Interventional

Recruiting

15 June 2021

14 June 2025

117

Quadratic Phenotypic Optimization Platform (QPOP) utilization to Enhance Selection of Patient Therapy Through Patient Derived Organoids in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer

Adults

26

NCT05177432

Singapore

Interventional

Recruiting

06 December 2021

31 December 2025

Nil

Systemic Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Control by Precision Medicine in Rectal Cancer (SYNCOPE)

Rectal cancer

Adults (>18 years)

93

NCT04842006

Helsinki, Finland

Interventional

Recruiting

20 December 2021

31 December 2031

Nil

Drug Response Profiling (DRP) Registry Zurich for Hematological Malignancies (DRP_ZH)

Primary, relapsed or refractory hematological malignancy (leukemia, myeloma, or lymphoma)

Children and adults (≤40 years)

1,000

NCT06550102

Zurich, Switzerland

Observational

Recruiting

04 January 2022

31 December 2031

Nil

Prospective Multicenter Study Evaluating Feasibility and Efficacy of Tumor Organoid-based Precision Medicine in Patients with Advanced Refractory Cancers (ORGANOTREAT)

Advanced solid tumors

Adults (>18 years)

61

NCT05267912

Paris, France

Interventional

Active, not recruiting

19 January 2022

18 January 2028

118

Tailoring treatment in colorectal cancer

Colorectal neoplasms

Adults

40

NCT05401318

Viken, Norway

Observational

Recruiting

28 March 2022

01 January 2027

Nil

The Clinical Efficacy of Drug Sensitive Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Based on Organoid versus Traditional Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer

Adults ( > 18 years)

54

NCT05351398

Shanghai, China

Observational

Unknown status

01 April 2022

01 December 2023

Nil

The Culture of Ovarian Cancer Organoids and Drug Screening

Ovarian cancer

Adults ( > 18 years)

30

NCT04768270

Chongqing, China

Observational

Recruiting

12 April 2022

31 December 2024

119

Optimizing and Personalizing Azacitidine Combination Therapy for Treating Solid Tumors QPOP and CURATE.AI

Breast or Gastric cancer

Adults

10

NCT05381038

Singapore

Interventional

Not yet recruiting

01 June 2022

04 April 2027

Nil

Patient-Derived Organoid (PDO) Guided Versus Conventional Therapy for Advanced Inoperable Abdominal Tumors

Abdominal tumors

Adults ( > 18 years)

0

NCT05378048

Hong Kong

Interventional

Withdrawn

04 July 2022

03 July 2025

Nil

Study to Investigate Outcome of Individualized Treatment in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (EVIDENT)

Metastatic colorectal cancer

Adults

40

NCT05725200

Oslo, Norway

Interventional

Recruiting

27 September 2022

31 December 2040

Nil

The Clinical Efficacy of Drug Sensitive Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Based on Organoid versus Traditional Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Advanced Rectal Cancer

Rectal cancer

Adults ( > 18 years)

192

NCT05352165

Shanghai, China

Interventional

Not yet recruiting

01 January 2023

31 December 2025

Nil

FPO to Predict, Prevent, and Treat Early Metastatic Recurrence of TNBC

Recurrent breast cancer

Adults

80

NCT05464082

UT, USA

Interventional

Recruiting

06 January 2023

30 September 2027

120

Guiding Instillation in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Based on Drug Screens in PDOs

Bladder cancer/nonmuscle invasive

Adults

34

NCT05024734

Biel, Switzerland

Interventional

Recruiting

21 February 2023

31 October 2027

121

Ex Vivo Drug Sensitivity Testing and Multi-omics Profiling

Recurrent childhood cancer (all types)

Children

65

NCT05857969

FL, USA

Observational

Recruiting

22 February 2023

31 December 2028

122

Individualized Treatments in Adults with Relapsed/refractory Cancers

Refractory/relapsed cancer (all types)

Adults

36

NCT06024603

FL, USA

Interventional

Recruiting

20 November 2023

01 November 2025

Nil

Pharmacoscopy-Guided Clinical Standard-of-Care in R/r AML (RAPID-01)

Relapsed/refractory AML

Adults

88

NCT06138990

Zurich, Switzerland

Interventional

Recruiting

02 September 2024

30 June 2026

Nil