Fig. 2

Morphology and elemental changes of sandstone samples. a Camera photos of sandstone samples and the sandstone after being subjected to different corrosive solutions; b SEM and EDS images of sandstone samples before corrosion; c–h SEM and EDS images of sandstone samples subjected to 7-day freeze–thaw cyclic corrosion with (c) deionized water, (d) Na2SO4, (e) NaHSO4, (f) Na2CO3, (g) H2SO4, and (h) NaOH solutions