Fig. 1

Shows a historical leather binding from the Mamluk period at the Al-Azhar library in Cairo, Egypt. A The leather cover with microbial stains; B The lining of the leather cover; C The biological deterioration of the leather cover

Shows a historical leather binding from the Mamluk period at the Al-Azhar library in Cairo, Egypt. A The leather cover with microbial stains; B The lining of the leather cover; C The biological deterioration of the leather cover