Table 4 Proportion and area of ecological vulnerability grades and the changes in Shibing WHS

From: Spatiotemporal changes and driving factors of ecological vulnerability in karst World Heritage sites based on SRP and geodetector: a case study of Shibing and Libo-Huanjiang karst

Vulnerability level

2014

2018

2022

2014–2018

2018–2022

2014–2022

I

0.0593%

22.5726%

5.6726%

22.5133%

−16.8999%

5.6133%

II

32.0659%

68.8330%

68.4153%

36.7671%

−0.4177%

36.3495%

III

65.6880%

8.5646%

24.9354%

−57.1233%

16.3707%

−40.7526%

IV

2.1069%

0.0293%

0.9058%

−2.0776%

0.8765%

−1.2011%

V

0.0800%

0.0004%

0.0708%

−0.0795%

0.0703%

−0.0092%