Fig. 2: Synthesis of modified FEVE composites incorporating TiO₂ and SiO2 nanoparticles and its application in the restoration of color paintings at the Pavilion of Rain Flower.

a Schematic diagram of the synthesis of F-T/S using FEVE, TiO2, and SiO2. b color paintings in the Pavilion of Rain Flower Paintings at the Forbidden City. c, d the color paintings before and after restoration.