Table 1 Summary of research on spatial perception in Chinese classical gardens

Chen et al.³

√

-

Isovist

×

-

-

-

-

Narrative spatial structure

Chen et al.¹⁷

√

√

Isovist

×

-

-

-

-

Path characteristics and experience

Peng et al.⁵³

√

√

PCM,

GIS

√

-

-

-

-

Visual-spatial characteristics

Guo et al.²

√

-

PCM

√

-

-

-

-

Characteristics of commemorative space

Guo et al.⁴⁹

√

-

PCM

√

-

-

-

-

Characteristics of commemorative space

Wang et al.⁵⁴

√

-

PCM

√

-

-

-

-

Spatial sequence characteristics and types

Yu et al.⁵⁵

√

√

Depthmap

×

-

-

-

-

Visual-spatial characteristics

Lu et al.⁵⁶

√

√

In-depth research,

GIS

×

-

-

-

-

Visual-spatial characteristics

Chen et al.⁵⁷

√

√

Panoramic imagery,

deep learning

√

-

-

-

-

Visual-spatial characteristics

Chen et al.⁵⁸

√

√

Depthmap,

DBSCAN

×

-

-

-

-

Visual-spatial characteristics

Zhang et al.⁵⁹

√

√

Image segmentation,

Depthmap

×

Big data,

field experiment,

questionnaire survey

√

√

×

Spatial characteristics and behaviour

Shen et al.²⁵

√

√

Isovist

√

VR experiment, questionnaire survey

×

√

√

Spatial characteristics and behaviour

Song et al.³⁰

√

√

Mobile sensing technology, panoramic imagery

√

Social media data

√

√

×

Environmental perception data and dwell behaviour

Present study

√

√

Panoramic imagery,

deep learning

√

Panoramic webpage, algorithmic statistics

√

√

√

Spatial characteristics and dwell-move behaviour