Fig. 3: Microstructure of WAW.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showing the microstructural characteristics of WAW: a Earlywood tracheids in Chinese fir, with red arrow indicating cell wall delamination. b Latewood tracheids in Chinese fir, where yellow arrows point to cell wall pores and red arrow denotes cell wall delamination. c Earlywood tracheids in Chinese cypress, with red arrows showing cell wall delamination and yellow arrow indicating microbial pitting. d Latewood tracheids in Chinese cypress, with red arrow highlighting cell wall delamination.