Table 1 Overview of soot reproduction methods found in literature
From: The reproduction of fire-born soot for comparative cleaning tests on heritage objects
Method | Material | Substrate | Conditions | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I. Indirect-cold application | IA. cold-dry method | Brush (dry) | - PM dust - Brush - Rubber roller | Paper (cotton-based Whatman No.1 filter paper and wood-based Holmen BOOK Cream 2.0 paper) | Room condition | Mašková et al., 202165 | |
Shaking in container | - Lamp black pigment (NATURE PIGMENT), CAS No. 1333-86-4 - Container - Masking tape - manual air blower | Gelatine-sized watercolour paper | Outdoors at 11°C and 28% RH | Duncan et al., 202247 | |||
Drum mixing | Standard soiling compound (C5): 38% peat moss 51% inorganic ingredients (cement, clay and silica) 1.75% carbon black | Textiles for floor covering | Room condition | ISO 11378-2:2001 textile floor coverings - laboratory soiling tests – drum test76 | |||
Simulation chamber (CIME) | - Propane soot generated by miniCAST5201A® (Jing) device | - Cotton - Silk - Limestone - Marble | Controlled at 20oC | Chabas et al., 201579 | |||
Environmental deposition | PMs from outdoors (sheltered) and indoors | - Paper: Whatman filter paper No. 1 (non-sized, no filters or additives contained, and pH neutral) | 6 months (Feb.-Jul.2013) around central London | Grau‑Bové et al., 201686 | |||
IB. cold wet method | Brush (wet) | - Soot collected from wood stove - Demineralized water - Cotton swab - Brush | Photographic print: Silver gelatine coated on barite paper (exposed and developed) | - Room condition - Aging: 16h UV light and 6 months of sunlight exposure (before soiling) | Saez et al., 202364 | ||
- Carbon black (Kremer, 47,000, Wine Black) - brush -milli-Q water | Slightly damp feathers previously sprayed with milli-Q water | dry at room temperature for seven days and the excess of soiling was brushed away | Bertasa & Korenberg, 202252 | ||||
Spraying | - furnace black pigment (Kremer), CAS No. 1333-86-4 - White spirit | Silk pongé (pre-washed degummed) | Dry aging chamber 125 °C for 21 days | Brockmann et al., 202470 | |||
II. direct hot application | Controlled house fire | ln a two-story building: - Test1: Furniture (chairs, table, lamp) - Test2: accelerant-soaked mattresses | - Gesso - Canvas - Paper with watercolours - cotton (red and white flag stripe) - wool (blue and magenta houndstooth) - silk (floral print) | Temperature near sample ≤ 177oC | |||
A building protected in a shipping container, and textile samples hung in the entrance | linen | (unknown) | Grønlund, 201411 | ||||
Smoke deposition | Motor oil enclosed in a metal cylinder | Gesso coated canvas and paper | Heating from oil combustion | Banks et al., 199872 | |||
Candle flame | Paraffin candle | - Paper: Whatman No.1 filter paper and Holmen paper - Cotton canvas primed with acrylic gesso | Heating from candle flame ≤ 1700 oC (Zheng et al., 2019 85) | Banks et al., 199854; Rutledge et al., 200084; Mašková et al., 202165 | |||
Rendered animal fat | Banks et al., 199854 | ||||||
