Fig. 8: Restoration evaluation on synthetic degradations.

Visualization and quantitative comparison of restoration performance under different levels of synthetic stain intensity using the The Pillow Book dataset. Pseudo-degraded manuscript images were generated by the proposed pipeline with increasing stain intensity (0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0). The results demonstrate that the proposed method consistently achieves higher PSNR and SSIM values, and lower LPIPS scores than CycleGAN and the binarization-based DDRM, indicating superior restoration fidelity across all degradation levels. All input images were cropped from high-resolution scans of the The Pillow Book manuscript (National Institute of Japanese Literature, CODH dataset) using LabelImg.