Table 3 Comparison between 36 OBI datasets for labels, utilities, strengths, and limitations

Recognition

^*YinQiWenYuan_detection

Bounding box; Binary OBI label

Multiple-character recognition on rubbings

Manually annotated; Widely-used

Noise-contaminated

OracleBone-8000³³

Bounding box

Multiple-character recognition on rubbings

Manually annotated

Noise-contaminated; Imbalanced; Close-source

ACCID⁵²

Bounding box; Class Label; Structural relation

Radical and single character recognition

Fine-grained radical-level annotation

Focus on single-character; Close-source

O2BR²

Bounding box

Multiple-character recognition on real OBI images

Focus on original OBI; Open-source

Relatively small scale

Rejoining

OB-Rejoin³⁴

Fragment-level outlines

Training data-driven rejoining model

Expert-level annotations

Low image quality; Sparse; Close-source

COBD⁵⁴

Fragment-level outlines

Training and testing rejoining models

Include curve trajectory sequence

Relatively small scale; Close-source

OBI-rejoin²

Adjacency label

Testing rejoining models

Include real OBI and rubbings; Open-source

Relatively small scale; Coarse-grained label

OBFI³⁵

Binary rejoinable label

Training and testing rejoining models

Large-scale; Multi-source; Open-source

Corse-grained label

Classification & Retrieval

Oracle-20k⁴³

Class label

General character-level classification and retrieval

Early representative work

Severe long-tail distribution; Only handprinted

OBC306⁶⁹

Class label

General character-level classification and retrieval Variant analysis

Largest sample size for classification; realistic noise

Severe long-tail distribution; Low image quality; Labeling errors

Oracle-AYNU⁴⁴

Class label

General character-level classification and retrieval

Larger than Oracle-20k

Severe long-tail distribution; Low resolution; Close-source; Only handprinted OBI

HWOBC⁷⁰

Class label

General character-level classification and retrieval

Large-scale; Widely-used; Intra-class variants

Only handprinted OBI

Oracle-50k⁷¹

Class label

General character-level classification and retrieval

Large-scale; Widely-used

Severe long-tail distribution; Only handprinted; Low resolution

^*OBI-IJDH

Class label

General character-level classification and retrieval

Open-source

Small scale

Oracle-250⁷²

Class label

General character-level classification and retrieval Variant analysis

Diverse handprinted variants

Focus only on the top-250 most frequent characters; Close-source

Radical-148⁷²

Radical label

General radical-level Classification and retrieval; Variant analysis

Diverse handprinted variants

Close-source

OBI125⁷³

Class label

General character-level classification and retrieval; Variant analysis

Focus on rubbings

Severe long-tail distribution; Relatively small scale

OBI-100³⁰

Class label

General character-level classification and retrieval; Variant analysis

Open-source

Limited coverage; Only handprinted; Small scale

Oracle-241⁷⁵

Class label

Character-level classification; OBI generation; Style transfer

Multi-type; Open-source

Non-pixel-level alignment

ORCD⁷⁶

Radical label; Bounding box

OBI radical recognition and classification

Diverse handprinted radical

Relative small scale; Close-source

OCCD⁷⁶

Combined character structure

OBI radical detection

First Oracle combined character dataset

Close-source

OracleRC⁵¹

Radical- and stroke- level label

OBI classification

Fine-grained character decomposition

Long-tail distribution; Close-source

Oracle-MNIST⁷⁸

Class label

General character-level classification and retrieval Variant analysis

Open-source; Even distribution

Low resolution; Noise-contaminated

OBI component 20⁷⁹

Component-level label

OBI retrieval

First work for component-level annotation

Relatively small scale; Long-tail distribution

Deciphering

OBI-ECC⁸⁰

OBI character evolution process

Modern-Chinese-based deciphering

Open-source

Relatively small scale; Only handprinted

EVOBC⁸¹

OBI character evolution process

Modern-Chinese-based deciphering; OBI Generation

Multi-source; Open-sourcescale; Widely-used

No explicit limitations

HUST-OBC⁸²

Aligned modern Chinese

Modern-Chinese-based deciphering

Multi-source; Open-sourcescale; Widely-used

Long-tail distribution; Only handprinted

ACCP⁸³

OBI character evolution process; Class label; Radical sequence

Modern-Chinese-based deciphering

Fine-grained OBI decomposition Multi-source; Open-sourcescale

Expand upon HUST-OBC and EVOBC

OracleSem⁶⁰

Pictographic and semantic caption

Pictographic interpretations; Component analysis; Modern Chinese mapping

Fine-grained text interpretation

Close-source; Only handprinted

GEVOBC⁸⁴

Graph-based evolution process; Class label

Character evolutionary stage alignment

Novel graph data structure

Relatively small scale; Only handprinted

PD-OBS⁶²

Modern Chinese; Ancient form; Radical annotation

Pictographic interpretations; Radical analysis

Fine-grained OBI decomposition with interpretations

Only handprinted

PictOBI-20k⁵

Class label; OBC-Object pair; Reference points; Attention map

Visual decipherment; Attention consistency; LMM evaluation

LMM-oriented; Perception mechanism

Pictographic OBI only

Emerging

RCRN⁸⁵

Synthetic noise variants

OBI denoising

Early representative work; Original-distorted image pair

Relatively small scale; Lack of real-world noise

OBIMD⁸⁶

Bounding box; Class label; Transcriptions; Inscription groups; Reading sequences

Multiple-character recognition; Rubbing denoising; Character matching; Completion; Reading sequence prediction

Multimodal; Good applicability; Open-source

Relatively small scale

RMOBS⁶¹

Radical-level bounding box; Semantic concept; Key component

Semantics understanding; Visual grounding

Fine-grained character annotation

Close-source; Only handprinted OBI

Oracle-P15k³

Class label; Image-glyph pair

OBI generation; Long-tail distribution; Style transfer

Structure-aligned pairs for generative AI and denoising

Relatively small scale compared to recognition sets