Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants in gestational week 28 ± 2 (otherwise stated).
Europeans | South Asians | |
|---|---|---|
Participants, n | 303 | 164 |
Age in whole years, mean (SD) | 30.6 (4.5) | 28.7 (4.5) |
Height in cm, mean (SD) | 167.4 (5.7) | 159.8 (5.8) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.2 (4.8) | 24.4 (4.1) |
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.7 (4.8) | 26.9 (4.1) |
Gestational weight gain in kg, mean (SD) | 14.5 (6.4) | 12.6 (5.6) |
Total fat mass percentage, median [IQR] | 29.5 [28.4, 30.6] | 26.3 [25.0, 27.6] |
Truncal fat mass percentage, median [IQR] | 15.8 [15.2, 16.4] | 14.0 [13.2, 14.9] |
Gestational diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 73 (23.9) | 68 (41.5) |
HbA1c, mmol/mol (SD) | 32 (0.3) | 34 (0.3) |
Serum fasting glucose, mmol/L (SD) | 4.4 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.5) |
Serum fasting insulin, pmol/L, median [IQR] | 48.00 [33.0, 70.00] | 72.00 [57.0, 102.5] |
Serum fasting C-peptide, pmol/L, median [IQR] | 708.0 [558.0, 900.0] | 855.5 [688.8, 1078.2] |
HOMA-IR, percentage, mean (SD) | 1.5 [1.2, 1.9] | 1.8 [1.5, 2.3] |
HOMA-B, percentage, median [IQR] | 173.5 [151.3, 199.5] | 179.6 [154.9, 207.9] |
Serum fasting total cholesterol, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 6.4 (1.1) | 6.0 (1.0) |
Serum fasting HDL, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 1.9 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.4) |
Serum fasting LDL, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 3.7 (1.0) | 3.3 (0.9) |
Serum fasting TAG, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 2.0 (0.7) | 2.0 (0.6) |
Leptin, µg/L, median [IQR] | 1.6, [1.0, 2.5] | 2.3 [1.5, 3.3] |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 106.9 (9.6) | 101.2 (8.7) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 68 (7.1) | 66 (7.0) |
Nulliparous, n (%) | 156 (51.5) | 66 (40.2) |
Smoking status, n (%) | ||
Current | 19 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) |
3 months pre-pregnancy | 79 (25.9) | 2 (1.2) |
Former | 87 (28.5) | 10 (6.1) |
Never | 120 (39.3) | 152 (92.7) |
