Table 2 Factors associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetesa in the patient cohort of 602 children with overweight or obesity, analyzed using univariate logistic regression and models adjusted for age.

From: The prevalence of prediabetes is high and has rapidly increased, independent of the degree of obesity, in Finnish children with overweight or obesity

Continuous variables

Unadjusted

Adjusted for age

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Age, years

1.26 (1.17–1.35)

N/A

Body mass index Z-score

1.03 (0.70–1.53)

 

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

0.86 (0.70–1.05)

 

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.34 (1.04–1.73)

1.12 (0.86–1.45)

LDL cholesterol, mmol/L

0.99 (0.80–1.23)

 

HDL cholesterol, mmol/L

0.56 (0.31–1.02)

 

ALT, 10 U/L

1.09 (1.02–1.15)

1.06 (1.00–1.13)

TSH, mU/L

0.95 (0.90–1.12)

 

Categorical variables

Female sex

1.84 (0.60–1.19)

 

Hypertensionb

1.02 (0.70–1.47)

 

Type 2 diabetes in FDR

1.61 (0.90–2.88)

 

Overweight or obesity in FDR

0.75 (0.35–1.61)

 

Acanthosis nigricans

2.34 (1.36–4.02)

1.83 (1.05–3.21)

Pubertal stage:

 Pubertalc

2.66 (1.78–4.0)

N/A

 Postpubertald

3.29 (1.91–5.68)

N/A

MASLDe

2.01 (1.23–3.29)

1.69 (1.01–2.80)

  1. Factors were analyzed using either female sex, no hypertension, no type 2 diabetes, no overweight/obesity, no acanthosis nigricans, no MASLD, ALT ≤80 U/L or prepubertal stage as the reference (=odds ratio 1.0).
  2. Values in bold face denote statistical significance. All lipids are fasting values. The association between prediabetes or type 2 diabetes and pubertal stage were not adjusted for age due to collinearity.
  3. ALT alanine aminotransferase, CI confidence interval, FDR first-degree relative, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, MASLD metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, N/A not applicable, OR odds ratio, TSH thyroid stimulating hormone.
  4. aDefined based on increased glucose value either on fasting sample or in 2 h oral glucose tolerance test utilizing cutoffs recommended by the American Diabetes Association [3].
  5. bBlood pressure >95thpercentile as defined by Flynn et al. [25].
  6. cTanner M/G 2–4.
  7. dTanner M/G 5.
  8. eAs defined by Eslam et al. [26].
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