Table 2 Adjusted and unadjusted relative risks of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring according to maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index.

From: Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring

BMI

N

Event

IR (1000 person-year)

Unadjusted model

Adjusted model 1b

Adjusted model 2b

HR (95% CI)

p-valuea

HR (95% CI)

p-value

HR (95% CI)

p-value

Epilepsy

 <18.5

90,379

9111

20.44

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

<0.001

1.03 (1.00–1.05)

<0.001

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

 

 18.5–23

461,871

44,266

20.39

Reference

Reference

1(Ref.)

<0.001

 23–25

106,951

10,202

21.17

1.02 (1.00–1.037)

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

1.03 (1.00–1.05)

 

 25–30

96,516

9481

22.65

1.07 (1.04 –1.09)

1.06 (1.03–1.08)

1.08 (1.05–1.10)

 

 ≥30

23,374

2395

25.13

1.14 (1.10 –1.19)

1.11 (1.07–1.16)

1.13 (1.08–1.18)

 

Cerebral palsy

 <18.5

90,379

187

0.39

0.91 (0.78–1.06)

0.002

0.88 (0.76–1.03)

0.396

0.88 (0.75–1.03)

 

 18.5–23

461,871

1029

0.44

Reference

Reference

1(Ref.)

0.302

 23–25

106,951

246

0.47

1.05 (0.91–1.21)

1.00 (0.87–1.15)

1.01 (0.88–1.16)

 

 25–30

96,516

228

0.5

1.10 (0.95–1.27)

1.00 (0.87–1.15)

1.01 (0.88–1.17)

 

 ≥30

23,374

76

0.73

1.54 (1.22–1.95)

1.14 (0.91–1.45)

1.18 (0.92–1.49)

 

Intellectual disability

 <18.5

90,379

320

0.66

0.91 (0.81–1.03)

<0.001

0.90 (0.80–1.02)

<0.001

0.91 (0.80–1.02)

 

 18.5–23

461,871

1646

0.7

Reference

Reference

1(Ref.)

<0.001

 23–25

106,951

380

0.73

1.07 (0.96–1.20)

1.06 (0.94–1.18)

1.05 (0.94–1.17)

 

 25–30

96,516

376

0.83

1.25 (1.12–1.40)

1.22 (1.09–1.37)

1.19 (1.07–1.34)

 

 ≥30

23,374

104

1

1.59 (1.30–1.93)

1.47 (1.21–1.80)

1.37 (1.12–1.68)

 

ASD

 <18.5

90,379

974

2.02

1.03 (0.96–1.11)

0.001

1.04 (0.97–1.11)

0.025

1.05 (0.98–1.13)

 

 18.5–23

461,871

4545

1.94

Reference

Reference

1(Ref.)

0.042

 23–25

106,951

954

1.84

0.95 (0.89–1.02)

0.94 (0.87–1.00)

0.92 (0.86–0.98)

 

 25–30

96,516

935

2.07

1.08 (1.01–1.16)

1.05 (0.97–1.12)

1.01 (0.94–1.08)

 

 ≥30

23,374

242

2.34

1.24 (1.09–1.41)

1.14 (1.00–1.30)

1.05 (0.92–1.20)

 

ADHD

 <18.5

90,379

1263

2.62

0.99 (0.93–1.05)

0.053

0.98 (0.92–1.04)

0.090

0.97 (0.92–1.03)

 

 18.5–23

461,871

5904

2.52

Reference

Reference

1(Ref.)

0.494

 23–25

106,951

1248

2.4

1.00 (0.94–1.07)

0.99 (0.93–1.06)

0.99 (0.93–1.05)

 

 25–30

96,516

1088

2.4

1.05 (0.98–1.12)

1.05 (0.98–1.12)

1.03 (0.96–1.10)

 

 ≥30

23,374

257

2.48

1.18 (1.04–1.34)

1.16 (1.02–1.31)

1.08 (0.95–1.23)

 
  1. BMI body mass index, IR incidence rates (1000 person/year), HR hazard risk, CI confidence interval, ASD Autism spectrum disorder, ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
  2. aP-values are calculated using Wald tests for the hazard ratio estimates in the regression models.
  3. bThe adjusted model includes the following covariates: confounding variables.
  4. Model 1: neonatal variables (sex, mode of delivery, multiple gestations, major anomalies, small for gestational age, birth weight, NICU admission, neonatal resuscitation, and preterm birth).
  5. Model 2: neonatal and maternal variables (sex, mode of delivery, multiple gestation, major anomalies, small for gestational age, birth weight, NICU admission, neonatal resuscitation, preterm birth, maternal age, hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, and depression).
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