Table 2 The characteristics of included studies.
Author | Setting | Study design | GLP-1 RA | Target dose | Frequency of administration | Route of administration | Study Group (F/M; Age) | Diabetes status | Outcomes | Body composition assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3-month GLP-1 RA therapy | ||||||||||
Anyiam et al. [30] | United Kingdom | Single-centre open-label, randomized, parallel group pilot | Semaglutide | 1.0 mg | Weekly | SC | 10 (5/5; 61.1 ± 3.0) | T2DM | BW, BMI, FBM, LBM | DXA |
Chen et al. [31] | China | Retrospective, cohort | Dulaglutide | 1.5 mg | Weekly | SC | 70 (13/57; 44.19 ± 10.57) | T2DM | BW, BMI, FBM, FBM%, LBM, LBM%, VAT, SMM, SMM%, BMC | BIA |
Gao et al. [54] | China | Randomized, single-site clinical trial | Beinaglutide | 0.2 mg | Three times Daily | SC | 32 (16/16; 32.5 ± 1.6) | — | BW, BMI, WC, FBM, FBM%, LBM, AF, GF, VAT | DXA |
Jensterle et al. [55] | Slovenia | Clinical trial | Liraglutide | 1.2 mg | Daily | SC | 36 (36/0; 31.2 ± 7.8) | — | BW, BMI, WC, FBM%, VAT | DXA |
Jensterle et al. [56] | Slovenia | Open-label, randomized, prospective | Liraglutide | 1.2 mg | Daily | SC | 14 (14/0; NR) | — | BW, BMI, WC, FBM% | DXA |
Jensterle et al. [57] | Slovenia | Open-label, randomized, prospective | Liraglutide | 1.2 mg | Daily | SC | 14 (14/0; NR) | — | BW, BMI, WC, VAT | DXA |
Li et al. [58] | China | Prospective, observational | Liraglutide | 1.2 mg | Daily | SC | 31 (15/16; 48.5 ± 11.4) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, FBM, FBM%, LBM | DXA |
Muñoz et al. [24] | Mexico | Single-center, quasi-experimental, prospective | Liraglutide | 3 mg | Daily | SC | 37 (28/9; 44 ± 9.8) | T2DM | BW, BMI, FBM, FBM%, FFM, VAT | BIA |
Ozeki et al. [41] | Japan | Retrospective, pilot | Semaglutide | NR | NR | NR | 13 (NR; 52.0 ± 6.9) | T2DM | BW, BMI, FBM, FBM%, SMM, SMM%, BMC | BIA |
Seko et al. [32] | Japan | Retrospective, case-series | Dulaglutide | 0.75 mg | Weekly | SC | 15 (12/3; 66.8 ± 2.7) | T2DM | BMI, FBM, LBM, SMM, RSMI,BMC | BIA |
Yu et al. [23] | China | Prospective, randomized, controlled | Liraglutide | 1.8 mg | Daily | SC | 47 (24/23; 51.53 ± 9.11) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, HC, WHR, FBM, FBM%, VAT | CT, BIA |
Zakaria et al. [22] | United Arab Emirates | Observational, retrospective | Semaglutide | 1.0 mg | Weekly | SC | 115 (69/46; 43.09 ± 9.90) | — | BW, BMI, FBM, SMM | BIA |
Tirzepatide | 10 mg | Weekly | SC | |||||||
Liraglutide | 3 mg | Daily | SC | |||||||
6-month GLP-1 RA therapy | ||||||||||
Agcakaya et al. [34] | Turkey | Retrospective | Exenatide | 10 μg | Daily | SC | 50 (46/4; 56.28 ± 9.72) | T2DM | BW, BMI, FBM%, FFM% | BIA |
Akyay et al. [59] | Turkey | Prospective, randomized, active-controlled | Exenatide | 10 μg | Daily | SC | 17 (15/2; 49.88 ± 7.76) | T2DM | BMI, FBM | BIA |
Cuthbertson et al. [35] | United Kingdom | Prospective | Exenatide (19) | 10 μg | Twice daily | SC | 25 (13/12; 50 ± 10) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, VAT | MRI |
Liraglutide (6) | 1.2 mg | Daily | SC | |||||||
Elkind-Hirsch et al. [60] | USA | Randomized, single-blind, parallel, prospective study trial | Exenatide | 2 mg | Weekly | SC | 20 (20/0; 30 ± 1.1) | — | BW, BMI, WC, WHR, WHtR, FBM, FBM%, LBM, AGR | DXA |
Feng et al. [61] | China | Single-center, open-label, prospective, randomized trial | Liraglutide | 1.8 mg | Daily | SC | 29 (8/21; 46.8 ± 1.8) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, FBM, LBM, AF, GF | DXA |
Freitas et al. [53] | Brazil | Prospective, non-randomized | Liraglutide | 3 mg | Daily | SC | 57 (24/33; F: 46 ± 9, M: 42 ± 11) | — | BW, BMI, HC, WHR, FBM, FBM%, SMM | BMI |
Mittag-Roussou et al. [36] | Germany | Prospective, real-world data | Exenatide | 10 μg | Twice daily | SC | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, FBM, FFM, VAT | BIA | |
Liraglutide | 1.8 mg | Daily | SC | |||||||
Dulaglutide | 1.5 mg | Weekly | SC | |||||||
Nakaguchi et al. [63] | Japan | Open-label, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial | Liraglutide | 0.9 mg | Daily | SC | 30 (9/21; 67.2 ± 9.0) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, FBM, FBM%, LBM | DXA |
Pantanetti et al. [28] | Italy | Double-center, single-arm, observational, prospective | Semaglutide | 14 mg | Daily | PO | 61 (13/48; 61 ± 9.90) | T2DM | BW, BMI, FBM%, SMM% | BIA |
Perna et al. [40] | Italy | Perspective, case-series | Liraglutide | 3.0 mg | Daily | SC | 9 (3/6; 68.22 ± 3.86) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, FBM, FBM%, FFM, FFM%, AF%, GF%, AGR, RSMI | DXA |
Rodríguez Jiménez et al. [26] | Italy | Quasi-experimental, retrospective | Semaglutide | 1.0 mg | Weekly | SC | 55 (26/29; 55.3 ± 10.4) | T2DM | BW, BMI, FBM, FBM%, FFM, FFM%, LBM, VAT, SMM, RSMI, BMC | BIA |
Semaglutide | 14 mg | Daily | PO | 33 (11/22; 61.8 ± 7) | ||||||
Rondanelli et al. [64] | Italy | Cohort study | Liraglutide | 3.0 mg | Daily | SC | 28 (12/16; 58.75 ± 9.33) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, FBM, FBM%, FFM, AF%, GF%, AGR, RSMI | DXA |
Uchiyama et al. [65] | Japan | Retrospective, longitudinal | Semaglutide | 14 mg | Daily | PO | 25 (11/14; 54.1 ± 2.7) | T2DM | BMI, FBM, LBM, RSMI | BIA |
Volpe et al. [29] | Italy | Open-label, real-life prospective | Semaglutide | 7 mg | Daily | PO | 32 (18/14; 66.3 ± 8.5) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, FBM, FBM%, FFM, FFM%, VAT, SMM, RSMI | BIA |
Volpe et al. [66] | Italy | Prospective, single-arm, open-label, real-life | Semaglutide | 1.0 mg | Weekly | SC | 40 (19/21; NR) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, VAT, SMM, RSMI | BIA |
Xiang et al. [27] | China | Retrospective, cohort | Semaglutide | 1.0 mg | Weekly | SC | 43 (33/10; 30.4 ± 8.1) | — | BW, BMI, WC, HC, FBM, FBM%, VAT, SMM, RSMI | BIA |
Zhang et al. [33] | China | Randomized, controlled, open-label | Dulaglutide | 1.5 mg | Weekly | SC | 35 (35/0; 30.31[28.58, 32.05]) | NR | BMI, BMI, WC, FBM, FBM%, LBM, LBM%, VAT | DXA |
12-month GLP-1 RA therapy | ||||||||||
Capristo et al. [25] | Italy | Three-arm non-randomized, controlled, pilot | Liraglutide | 3.0 mg | Daily | SC | 25 (20/5; 46.2 ± 17.35) | — | BW, BMI, FBM, LBM | DXA |
McCrimmon et al. [67] | USA, Canada, UK, Ireland, Sweden, Lebanon, Malaysia, Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, India | Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group trial | Semaglutide | 1.0 mg | Weekly | SC | 88 (NR, 57.8 ± 9.9) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, FBM, FBM%, LBM, LBM% | DXA |
Pantanetti et al. [68] | Italy | Single-center, observational, prospective | Semaglutide | 1.0 mg | Weekly | SC | 90 (37/53; 63.0 ± 10.0) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, FBM, FBM%, LBM, LBM% | BIA |
Sandsdal et al. [69] | Denmark | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | Liraglutide | 3.0 mg | Daily | SC | 36 (NR) | — | BW, BMI, WC, FBM%, AF%, GF%, AGR | DXA |
Vedtofte et al. [70] | Denmark | Longitudinal, randomized, placebo-controlled trial | Liraglutide | 1.8 mg | Daily | SC | 37 (37/0; 38.8 [34.3, 40.7]) | — | BW, BMI, WC, WHR, FBM%, AGR | DXA |
Volpe et al. [62] | Italy | Prospective, single-arm, real-life | Semaglutide | 1.0 mg | Weekly | SC | 48 (22/26; 57.7 ± 8.4) | T2DM | BW, BMI, WC, VAT, RSMI | BIA, US |
Yabe et al. [71] | Japan | Multi-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel, active-controlled | Dulaglutide | 0.75 mg | Weekly | SC | 19 (3/16; 59.3 ± 8.6) | T2DM | BW, BMI, LBM, FBM | BIA |
