Table 2 Bivariate associations between cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in three age groups.

From: Hemodynamic factors primarily impact on carotid IMT in young adults of African Ancestry in Sub-Saharan Africa

IMT versus

Young ( < 35years) (n = 181)

Middle-aged (35-59years) (n = 231)

Older ( ≥ 60years) (n = 161)

 

r

(95% CI)

p-value

r

(95% CI)

p-value

r

(95% CI)

p-value

Age

0.27

(0.13 – 0.40)

=0.0002

0.36

(0.24 – 0.47)

<0.0001

0.21

(0.05 – 0.35)

=0.0084

Sex (male)

0.09

(−0.06 – 0.23)

=0.231

0.04

(−0.09 – 0.17)

=0.515

0.17

(0.01 – 0.31)

=0.0356

BMI

0.11

(−0.03 – 0.26)

=0.126

0.22

(0.09 – 0.34)

=0.0007

−0.08

(−0.23 – 0.08)

=0.321

Hypertension

0.15

(0.01 – 0.29)

=0.0460

0.21

(0.08 – 0.33)

=0.0015

0.10

(−0.05 – 0.25)

=0.188

Regular smoking

−0.09

(−0.23 – 0.06)

=0.232

0.04

(−0.09 – 0.17)

=0.577

−0.10

(−0.06 – 0.25)

=0.215

Regular alcohol

−0.01

(−0.16 – 0.14)

=0.884

−0.04

(−0.17 – 0.09)

=0.564

−0.04

(−0.11 – 0.20)

=0.580

Diabetes mellitus

−0.01

(−0.16 – 0.14)

=0.900

0.14

(0.02 – 0.27)

=0.0276

−0.07

(−0.22 – 0.09)

=0.401

Treatment for HT

0.12

(−0.03 – 0.26)

 = 0.107

0.08

(−0.05 – 0.20)

=0.242

−0.01

(−0.16 – 0.14)

=0.896

Metabolic Factors

         

Ln glucose

0.07

(−0.08 – 0.22)

=0.351

0.21

(0.08 – 0.33)

=0.0021

−0.06

(−0.21 – 0.09)

=0.439

Ln glycated haemoglobin

0.09

(−0.09 – 0.26)

=0.325

0.16

(0.01 – 0.31)

=0.0474

−0.13

(−0.32 – 0.07)

=0.207

Ln HOMA-IR

0.12

(−0.03 – 0.27)

=0.118

0.10

(−0.03 – 0.23)

=0.137

−0.05

(−0.21 – 0.11)

=0.507

Ln total cholesterol

0.06

(−0.09 – 0.21)

=0.408

0.04

(−0.09 – 0.17)

=0.534

−0.03

(−0.18 – 0.13)

=0.745

Ln LDL cholesterol

0.05

(−0.09 – 0.20)

=0.471

0.10

(−0.03 – 0.23)

=0.124

0.07

(−0.08 – 0.22)

=0.362

Ln HDL cholesterol

−0.11

(−0.26 – 0.03)

=0.125

−0.15

(−0.27 – 0.02)

=0.0238

−0.06

(−0.21 – 0.10)

=0.451

Ln Triglycerides

0.12

(−0.03 – 0.26)

=0.106

0.18

(0.05 – 0.30)

=0.0071

−0.09

(−0.24 – 0.07)

=0.267

Ln Total/HDL cholesterol

0.16

(0.01 – 0.30)

=0.0320

0.18

(0.05 – 0.30)

=0.0067

0.04

(−0.12 – 0.19)

=0.620

Hemodynamic factors

         

Brachial systolic BP

0.13

(−0.02 – 0.27)

=0.088

0.29

(0.17 – 0.40)

<0.0001

0.24

(0.09 – 0.38)

=0.0022

Brachial diastolic BP

0.09

(−0.05 – 0.24)

=0.203

0.20

(0.07 – 0.32)

=0.0025

0.08

(−0.07 – 0.23)

=0.300

Brachial pulse pressure

0.09

(−0.05 – 0.24)

=0.206

0.28

(0.16 – 0.40)

<0.0001

0.29

(0.14 – 0.43)

=0.0002

Mean arterial pressure

0.12

(−0.02 – 0.26)

=0.101

0.25

(0.13 – 0.37)

<0.0001

0.18

(0.02 – 0.32)

=0.0256

Central arterial SBP

0.15

(0.01 – 0.29)

=0.0436

0.28

(0.15 – 0.39)

 < 0.0001

0.23

(0.08 – 0.37)

=0.0033

Central arterial PP

0.13

(−0.01 – 0.27)

=0.070

0.26

(0.14 – 0.38)

<0.0001

0.29

(0.14 – 0.42)

=0.0002

Heart rate

0.01

(−0.14 – 0.15)

=0.923

0.14

(0.01 – 0.26)

=0.0388

0.10

(−0.05 – 0.25)

=0.191

Peak aortic flow

0.01

(−0.14 – 0.15)

=0.910

0.02

(−0.10 – 0.15)

=0.707

0.02

(−0.14 – 0.17)

=0.831

Stroke volume

0.10

(-0.04 - 0.24)

=0.167

0.06

(−0.07 – 0.18)

=0.384

0.02

(−0.13 – 0.18)

=0.770

Stroke volume/BSA

0.06

(−0.08 – 0.21)

=0.393

0.01

(−0.11 – 0.14)

=0.835

0.03

(−0.13 – 0.18)

=0.707

Zc

−0.01

(−0.15–0.14)

=0.952

0.13

(−0.01 – 0.25)

=0.0554

0.22

(0.07 – 0.36)

=0.0051

TAC

0.01

(−0.14 – 0.15)

=0.903 –0.14

(−0.26 – 0.01)

=0.0325

−0.13

(−0.28 – 0.03)

=0.108

 

Pb

0.24

(0.10 – 0.38)

=0.0008

0.23

(0.10 – 0.35)

 = 0.0004

0.31

(0.17–0.44)

<0.0001

Peak PQxZc

0.09

(−0.05 –0.23)

=0.218

0.26

(0.14 –0.38)

<0.0001

0.30

(0.15 –0.43)

<0.0001

  1. Significant associations are shown in bold type.
  2. BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, BSA body surface area, CI confidence interval, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, HT hypertension, LDL low-density lipoprotein, Ln, natural logarithm, Pb backward wave pressure, PP pulse pressure; Peak PQxZc, component of forward wave pressure generated by the product of peak Q and Zc; r=Pearson’s correlation coefficient; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TAC, total arterial compliance; Zc, aortic characteristic impedance.
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