Table 1 Simulated parameters and rationale for selection.

Percent transmission (%T) [%]

0.39

0.87

1.98

4.49

The range of %T values in the NICU studies was 0.43% to 37.70%, with a median value of 3.69% (see Supplementary Materials; %T values were calculated using Eq. (1) and the resulting distribution is shown in Fig. S2).

The simulated %T values were chosen to roughly logarithmically span the lower half of the NICU studies data. In addition, the lower end of the NICU %T range was exceeded to account for low representation of subjects with darkly pigmented skin in the NICU studies.

Perfusion (%MOD) [%]

0.2

0.4

0.6

1.1

2.0

The range of %MOD values in the NICU studies was 0.23% to 8.04%, with a median value of 1.30% and with over 90% of the NICU data showing %MOD ≤ 2.0% (see Supplementary Materials; %MOD values were calculated using Eq. (2) and the resulting distribution is shown in Fig. S4).

The simulated %MOD parameters were selected to roughly logarithmically span the data range from the NICU studies, slightly exceeding the lower end of the %MOD distribution range.

SpO₂ [%]

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

The range of simulated SpO₂ values was selected to roughly span the 5th to 97th percentile of a large population of 468 term and pre-term neonates 5 min after birth [38].

Heart rate (HR) [beats per minute (bpm)]

80

100

120

130

The range of simulated HR values was defined to span the lower end of values that would be expected to be observed in the NICU [22].