Fig. 7: Plots showing the impact of critical parameters on coupling efficiency for a Gaussian incident and transmitted mode.
From: Advances in waveguide to waveguide couplers for 3D integrated photonic packaging
In (a), a diagram showing the concept of modal overlap between an incident waveguide with n1 (β1, w1) and a transmit waveguide with n2 (β2, w2) where some misalignment exists between the two modes. Meanwhile in (b), the effect of mode size mismatch and reflections are highlighted while in (c) the effect of misalignment and mode field diameter size
