Fig. 5: Comparison of extinction ratio variation and half-wave voltage–length product (Vπ·L) across various 2D and bulk electro-optic materials. | Light: Science & Applications

Fig. 5: Comparison of extinction ratio variation and half-wave voltage–length product (Vπ·L) across various 2D and bulk electro-optic materials.

From: Hybrid tungsten oxyselenide/graphene electrodes for near-lossless 2D semiconductor phase modulators

Fig. 5

The device with TOS/graphene electrodes in our work exhibits the lowest extinction ratio variation, down to 0.08 dB, surpassing ITO and pristine graphene22,23 and ionic liquids30,39. This indicates minimal electro-absorptive. Monolayer WS2 also shows superior modulation efficiency (Vπ·L = 0.202 V·cm) compared to silicon27, MoS2 (Supplementary Information V) and WSe240, enabling more compact device designs

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