Table 1 The values used for the parameters in the simulations

Cytoplasm conductivity

0.2↔1.2 S/m^26,27

Cytoplasm permittivity

\(20{\it{\epsilon }}_0 \leftrightarrow 80{\it{\epsilon }}_0\) ^{26,27,– 28}

Membrane conductivity

10 nS/m↔1 μS/m^26,27

Membrane permittivity

\(2{\it{\epsilon }}_0 \leftrightarrow 20{\it{\epsilon }}_0\) ^{26, 27, 29}

Medium conductivity

1.5 S/m

Medium permittivity

\(78.5{\it{\epsilon }}_0\)

Outer radius

2.0 μm↔8.0 μm

Inner radius

1.99 μm↔7.99 μm³⁰