Fig. 3: Electrical simulation and optimization of the 3D MGIS.

a Equivalent circuit of the Matrigel/cell construct in the microgroove. b Simulation impedance with different numbers of cells. c Bode plot of the Matrigel/cell construct and the construct without cells. d Optimization of the detection frequency. e Stability analysis of the MGIS chip, which was conducted by long-term testing of the Matrigel. All the data are represented by the means ± SDs (standard deviations), n = 3