Fig. 1: Experimental design of nanotopography-induced muscle cell growth.

a Illustration of the experimental flow, including preparation of optical disc-based PC substrates, fabrication of PDMS substrates with/without nanoscale surface patterns through nanomolding, cell culture in growth medium for 3 days until overgrowth, and cell differentiation in differentiation medium for another 1 week. b Schematic of electric pulse stimulation on well-aligned myotubes