Fig. 5: IPMCs and their applications. | Microsystems & Nanoengineering

Fig. 5: IPMCs and their applications.

From: A comparative review of artificial muscles for microsystem applications

Fig. 5

a Low driving voltage IPMC using single-ion conducting polymers94. Reproduced from ref. 94 (2016, CC BY 4.0). b IPMC actuator using MXene electrodes95. Copyright 2019 by AAAS. Reprinted with permission. c IPMCs are demonstrated to mimic a flapping-wing dragonfly and a flower using AC and DC power sources97. Copyright 2019 by Wiley. Reprinted with permission. d Graphdiyne-based IPMC actuator with an electromechanical transduction efficiency of up to 6.03%96. Reproduced from ref. 96 (2018, CC BY 4.0)

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