Fig. 1

a Schematic of the embedded platform divided into two parts: the analog section including nanosensor within a control loop with DAC actuation and sensor response fed to a CDC. The digital section comprises the microcontroller, SD card, and BLE peripherals connected using an SPI. b DAC actuation bias block composed of three dual-channel DACs sourcing [0…+5] V on Vbias1…4 and a two-stage inverting charge pump for rescaling the unipolar [0…+5] V range into a bipolar [−10…+5] V range on Vbias5 with the help of an op-amp and two resistors namely R, 2R. c CDC adapted from ref. ⁵⁰, illustrating four input channels, each connected to two discrete-time charge integrators operated alternatively as depicted in the timing diagram